Abstract This paper explains that, for several decades, the medical community has alerted the public to the incidence of birth defects that are directly related to radiation, underscoring the long-term impact that exposure to radiation has on the body and on future offspring. The author points out that exposure before conception carries a risk of specific birth defects including mental retardation and childhood cancers. The paper stresses that to avoid these risks in the future it is important to re-evaluate the location of nuclear reactor sites as well as the frequency of x-rays.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
The Basics
Conclusion
From the Paper "A defect occurs when there are changes in the DNA. Changes can occur spontaneously or can be caused by an external factor. One of the external factors that have been strongly linked with changes in the elements of DNA is exposure to radiation. Changes that are caused or directly linked to the exposure to radiation are referred to as mutations.
When these changes result from radiation exposure they are called radiation-induced mutations."
This paper discusses cases of product liability law, meaning manufacturers are responsible in civil liability court for damages arising from use of their products whenever a consumer suffers harm by virtue of a defect in the product.
Abstract This paper explains that the Uniform Commercial Code sets forth liability under the implied warranty of merchantability in states that have adopted only the Uniform Commercial Code instead of imposing strict liability negligence statutes for defective products. The author points out that, in states with strict liability statutes for defective products, tort liability is predicated on three specific types of defects: manufacturing defects; design defects; and failure to warn. The paper relates that, conversely, in states relying on the U.C.C., liability is predicated on contract law for breach of warranty.
From the Paper "Under contract theory, this express warranty would seem to trigger
liability for breach of warranty, in addition to strict liability under tort theory for failure to warn, one of the traditional avenues to establishing strict liability under California's definition of a defective product. Ordinarily, liability is a function of the absence of an adequate warning of potential danger. Mongo failed to provide any such warning and actually provided an express warranty as to the absence of any dangers "inherent" in cherry pies. Recent California case law would have required warnings even where the danger encountered by the consumer is natural to the product in question, such as a cherry pit in a cherry pie."
Abstract This paper discusses the diagnosis, treatment and short and long-term prognosis of VATER. The paper relates that, in order to assess VATER, one first needs to understand why this condition is named VATER. VATER stands for V(Vertebral Anomalies--where half of the vertebra is formed or the bones are abnormally small), A (Anal defects, such as anal atresia or imperforate anus), TE (Tracheo-Esophageal Defects--Esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula), R (Renal defects--a single umbilical artery, which might be associated with urinary defects), L (Limb Defects--absence or displaced digits or fused digits). The paper concludes that it will be likely be a while before the root cause of VATER-the genes (one or more) are identified.
Outline:
Definition , Age the Disease/Condition is Diagnosed
Diagnosis of VATER
Treatment and Prognosis
From the Paper "Based on the symptoms that VATER association presents, it would appear that treatment modalities would involve intensive and corrective, and perhaps, repeated or simultaneous, surgery. One of the concepts that are used in the treatment of VATER is combined surgery. This involves a team of surgeons who perform the surgeries simultaneously. A study on three patients illustrates this treatment method. A ten month old boy underwent surgery of the left aortic arch as well as esophagogastronomy for esophageal atresia. The second patient a 15 day old girl also underwent a cardiac procedure and additional surgery to shift the diaphragm. An eight month old boy underwent surgery to repair an atrial septal defect and also surgery of the trachea. All surgeries were successful and the prognosis based on follow up testing was good. (Yamashiro et al., 2007)"
Abstract Scientific discussion of external factors that might affect pregnancy and foster congenital birth defects in newborns. Prenatal development. Effect of pharmaceuticals, legal chemical substances, alcohol, narcotics & tobacco use by women on pregnancy. Effect of absence of essential nutrients such as Zinc. Cites several other causes of congenital birth defects. Variables. Problem of serious diseases of pregnant women & necessary drugs.
From the Paper "This research examines the phenomenon of teratogens, or factors external to the physical experience of pregnancy, during the period of gestation, which may affect pregnancy outcomes by fostering congenital birth defects in newborns. The research will set forth the clinical context in which teratogenic agents achieve relevance for the course of pregnancy in the modern period, and then discuss the impact that concern about teratogens may have on efficient and prudent pregnancy management.
On the face of things, the generally accepted definition of a teratogen would appear to be straightforwardly informative. Mosby's initially defines a teratogen as "any substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus" (Teratogen, 1998, p. 89). However, amplification of the..."
Abstract This paper highlights and explains Golding's theme in "Lord of the Flies" about defects in society. It also discusses aspects of the literary devices Golding uses in his novel, such as symbolism, setting, and robust and colorful characters.
From the Paper "In Golding's book, Lord of the Flies, the theme that he implies is that the defects of society seem to be traceable back to the defects in human nature. He illustrates this theme showing that man's "coating of society" runs only skin deep. He uses symbols, setting, and characters to aid the evolution of this theme."
Abstract This paper discusses the common problem of pregnancy diabetes. It looks at the complications it can cause, such as high birth weight, birth defects, and even neo-natal death. It discusses preventative measures, including testing and counseling.
Introduction
Issues
Birth Weight
Birth Defects Death In-Utero and Death Following Birth
Health of the Diabetic Mother
Preventive Measures
Testing
Pre-Conception Counseling
Medical and Advisory Team
Conclusion
From the Paper "Pregnancy requires more insulin in the body than normal because of the increased production of hormones that can lead to insulin resistance. For a woman suffering from type 1 diabetes this is especially problematic because she already has difficulty producing or responding to insulin. Not only is the mother's health at risk, but the baby's health may suffer as well. As insufficient insulin causes blood sugar to rise in the mother, the sugar travels across the placenta to the baby. When the baby's blood sugar is high, the baby makes extra insulin to keep its own blood sugar normal. Problems of the developing baby may include larger or smaller size, increased risk for malformations or birth defects, or death in-utero. Fortunately, there are several precautions that a woman can take to dramatically decrease the risk of complications."
Abstract This paper explains that Kass is very much opposed to the notion of interfering with nature, as well as producing a separate standard of existence for children who are born with defects. The author points out that Kass believes that, by terminating a pregnancy just because the child has a birth defect, is like saying that all society is only good if everyone is perfect and "normal" and suggests that individuals who are disabled are somehow less than acceptable and worthy. The paper stresses the importance of examining each case on a unique and personal basis before offering generalizations about what is good and what is right.
From the Paper "The government does not have the right to determine whether it is ok or not for someone to give birth to a child with defects, who might face a life of nothing but suffering. If your choice is to raise that child from cradle to grave, that is a decision that you can make for yourself. Regardless of whether the child is biologically or physically deficient, one takes risks when they endeavor to reproduce and have children."
An argument as to why it is difficult to apply, with any uncertainty, contractual and tortious principles to issues concerning allegedly defective software.
2,230 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 30 sources, 2000, $ 69.95
Abstract Introduction
Software Licence Agreements, within the "Tort of
Negligence", and Implied and Express Terms
Defective Software and the Economic and Potential
Liabilities
Conclusions
From the Paper "Computers and IT have become embedded into our daily lives. Incompetence of a system or its failure can lead to adverse effects on people's lives and this is where software producers have to inadvertently take "responsibility" of the systems they build and the software that operates them. Any economic loss or physical harm cannot be excluded from a contract, unless it is "reasonable" and "rightfully justified""
Abstract The following paper examines the statistics and research on Spina Bifida, a dreadful and complicated disease that approximately 1,500 infants are born with each year. The writer also discusses the way in which this disease affects each child differently, as well as examines treatments and solutions available.
From the Paper "Spina Bifida is a spinal condition in which one or more of an infant's vertebrae do not properly form, leaving an opening at the base of the spinal cord which can cause serious damage to the central nervous system. The result is often paralysis or mental retardation (Sandler, 1997). Spina Bifida comes from the Latin words for "split spine". It is a congenital disorder, but it is usually an isolated one, meaning that usually only one child from the same biological parents will be affected. This causes many experts to believe that the disorder results from both genetic and environmental factors (Sandler, 1997).
"Types and Causes of Spina Bifida: There are currently three recognized types of spina bifida; The first is Occulta, in which the outer area of the vertebrae is not completely joined. Spina bifida occulta literally means a hidden split in the spine. It is hidden because the deformity of the spine and any associated abnormalities are covered by the skin. This is the least serious but most common type of the disorder."
Abstract This paper discusses how physicians can screen for the cardiac defect 'total anomalous pulmonary venous return'. It examines the research of treating the problem and it suggests managing the disease through teamwork with a pediatric cardiologist, a cardiac surgeon and neonatologist.
From the Paper "Total anomalous pulmonary venous return is a congenital heart defect. Caused by the abnormal development of a fetus's heart during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, the vessels that feed blood that has traveled back from the heart to the lungs are improperly connected. During the middle of this fetal development period, the tricuspid valve does not develop properly - ventricular development is influenced by blood flowing through it, and since no blood is able to pass through the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle remains small.In a normal heart, oxygen-poor, or blue, blood returns to the right atrium after it has circulated through the body, travels to the right ventricle and then is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs where it is enriched with oxygen. That oxygen-rich, or red, blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs through four pulmonary veins. It then passes into the left ventricle and is then pumped back out for circulation throughout the body."
This paper explores the various options for surgical and medical management of cleft lips and palates and the ways in which these interventions can help children with these particular birth defects.
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of the condition and causes of cleft lip and palate. It then examines treatment options available and presents other alternatives. The writer then discusses the specific language acquisition problems related to clefts and concludes by accessing the effectiveness of various treatments and surgery.
From the Paper "Cleft lips and cleft palates are among the most common of birth defects and if left untreated can lead to serious speech problems as well as psychological damage that can result both from those speech and communication problems as well as from the ostracism that a child with a facial deformity may face. However, while the consequences of cleft lips and palates can be severe and long-lasting, these can be averted by medical intervention, especially if it is done as early as possible. This paper explores the various options for surgical and medical management of cleft lips and palates and the ways in which these interventions can help children with these particular birth defects."
Abstract Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, an act that sends her baby a toxin that has been proven to hinder the growth of the baby's brain, cause birth defects, and rob the child of the chance to learn (Abkarian 1992; Kodituwakku, Handmaker, Cutler, Weathersby, & Handmaker,1995; Streissguth, 1983).
From the Paper "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Crime
Introduction
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, an act that sends her baby a toxin that has been proven to hinder the growth of the baby's brain, cause birth defects, and rob the child of the chance to learn (Abkarian 1992; Kodituwakku, Handmaker, Cutler, Weathersby, & Handmaker,1995; Streissguth, 1983). The results are slowly being discovered but the following results have been suggested.
FAS can cause physical deformity, (Sandor, Smith, McLeod, Tredwell, Wood & Newman, 1981; Olson, Sampson, Barr, Streissguth, & Bookstein, 1992), hyperactivity, (Nanson, Bolaria, Snyder, Morse & Weiner, 1995), and a wide range of antisocial behavior that is still being investigated (Farrington, 1995).
Abstract This paper describes the chronological events that occurred on September 11 2001 that led to the eventual collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC). It provides structural information on the exact architecture of the two towers and examines how the downfall of these two buildings occurred through a series of steps that eventually led to the cataclysmic chain reaction of each floor smashing into its corresponding lower floor, eventually destroying both towers. The primary factor leading to this disaster was the immense heat the structural design withstood and the impact of the airliners that hit them. It concludes that the WTC Towers were not defectively designed since no designer could have ever anticipated a catastrophe of the magnitude that occurred.
From the Paper "The structural integrity of the WTC depended on these closely spaced columns around the perimeter. Lightweight steel trusses spanned between the central elevator core and the perimeter columns on each floor. These trusses support the four-inch concrete slabs that separate each floor and tied the perimeter columns to the core. These trusses supported the vertical forces acting on the building. These steel structures were coated with an aluminum alloy for extra strength."
This paper uses a case study to examine United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal laws. The laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services.
Abstract United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal Laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services. They can be invoked if a consumer feels he was taken for a ride and given product or service, which did not meet his needs or was faulty in any sense. We need to understand that certain conditions apply when these laws are made use of to bring charges against a trader. For example, the nature of product or service doesn't count at all but the length of use; special seller instructions, representation of a product etc. play a dominant role in determining the exact nature of breach of contract between the seller and the consumer.
Proposal-Introduction
Executive Summary
-------Rights and Liabilities-Used car
-------Rights and Liabilities-Seat cover
-------Rights and Liabilities- Cell batteries
-------Rights and Liabilities-Re-roofing
-------Rights and liabilities-Dogs
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper "Eleanor and Nicos needed to purchase a second-hand car and visited Solid Cars for this purpose. There they found a Range Rover, which was being offered for ?2,000. The salesman informed them the original engine of the Rover had been replaced with a reconditioned engine. After initial discussions with the salesman, they agreed to purchase the vehicle through their debit card. The salesman however told them few things, which later proved to be incorrect and caused them several problems during test-drive."
Tags: Consumers, Laws, United, Kingdom, Merchants, Legal, rights
