Abstract
This paper explains that persons with psychopathy, who do not have the incapacity for feeling empathy and guilt, and who are impulsive, egocentric and chronic violators of social, moral and legal norms, have a defective personality, complemented by their defense mechanisms. Next, the author relates that psychopathy begins an early age, expands into adolescence with poor socialization and ineffective self-regulation. The paper underscores that effective treatment and control of the psychopath is difficult because of the psychopath's relative immunity to adequate imprisonment and his lack of response to any kind of psychiatric treatment.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Where It Starts
On to Adolescence
Treatment and Control of the Psychopath

From the Paper
"The other difficulty is that a psychopath is likelier than others with behavioral problems to convince and deceive his therapist that treatment has been effective. He can well act out that he has developed a changed insight, which will now make him deserving of parole and no longer a risk to society. Many daily newspaper reports of armed robberies, rapes, and murders are results of optimistic but wrong estimates of therapeutic success. An over-estimation of that success rather contributes to tragic events, such as those reported in the media. No evidence at present demonstrates that psychiatry or the law can deal effectively with psychopaths."

Tags:fantasies, intact function, criminals measurements, impulsivity traits

Abstract
The paper reveals that catastrophic birth defects are found in 3 out of every 100 live births in the United States and are caused by either genetic or environmental problems. The paper goes on to relate how the costs of birth defects are tremendous; hospital care alone comes to $2.6 billion a year and individual costs are much higher. The paper discusses prevention that includes early screening, proper diet, nutrition, avoidance of pollutants, etc.

From the Paper
"Catastrophic birth defects are more common than people realize. Some, but not all are preventable. They have a major impact on families and on society in general. According to the United States Center for Disease Control: Birth defects are conditions that 1) result from a malformation, deformation, or disruption in one or more parts of the body; 2) are present at birth; and 3) have a serious, adverse effect on health, development, or functional ability. ("Hospital Stays...")"

Tags:birth defects, genetics, environmental

Abstract
This paper describes heart defects, includes statistics, and explains the relation to anatomy, as well as types of diagnostic imaging.

From the Paper
"When doctors make a diagnosis of heart defect they are usually referring to a congenital heart defect or one present from birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect affecting ... of every ... newborns. More than ... babies each year are born with congenital heart defects. There are many types of heart defects, ranging from minor to major in significance. The defects may affect either the heart's interior walls or the valves inside it, or they can affect..."

Tags:heart defects, congenital, anatomy, imaging

Abstract
This paper explains that, for several decades, the medical community has alerted the public to the incidence of birth defects that are directly related to radiation, underscoring the long-term impact that exposure to radiation has on the body and on future offspring. The author points out that exposure before conception carries a risk of specific birth defects including mental retardation and childhood cancers. The paper stresses that to avoid these risks in the future it is important to re-evaluate the location of nuclear reactor sites as well as the frequency of x-rays.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
The Basics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A defect occurs when there are changes in the DNA. Changes can occur spontaneously or can be caused by an external factor. One of the external factors that have been strongly linked with changes in the elements of DNA is exposure to radiation. Changes that are caused or directly linked to the exposure to radiation are referred to as mutations.
When these changes result from radiation exposure they are called radiation-induced mutations."

Tags:germline, somatic, dna, reactor, x-rays

Abstract
This paper addresses the topic of congenital brain defects, a group of disorders of brain development.

Abstract
This paper discusses how physicians can screen for the cardiac defect 'total anomalous pulmonary venous return'. It examines the research of treating the problem and it suggests managing the disease through teamwork with a pediatric cardiologist, a cardiac surgeon and neonatologist.

From the Paper
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return is a congenital heart defect. Caused by the abnormal development of a fetus s heart during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, the vessels that feed blood that has traveled back from the heart to the lungs are improperly connected. During the middle of this fetal development period, the tricuspid valve does not develop properly ventricular development is influenced by blood flowing through it, and since no blood is able to pass through the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle remains small.In a normal heart, oxygen-poor, or blue, blood returns to the right atrium after it has circulated through the body, travels to the right ventricle and then is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs where it is enriched with oxygen. That oxygen-rich, or red, blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs through four pulmonary veins. It then passes into the left ventricle and is then pumped back out for circulation throughout the body.

Tags:veins, left, atrium, possible, place, mis-connected, superior, vena, cava, blood, vessel

Abstract
This paper provides an ethical analysis of the decision by Ford Motor Corp. executives to not fix the gas-tank defect in the Ford Pinto because it was cheaper to pay any lawsuits resulting from consumer death or injury than to fix it.

From the Paper
"The Ford Pinto case definitely shows unethical actions by Ford Motor Corporation executives who knowingly continued production of the popular and economical Ford Pinto despite knowing it had a potentially deadly design defect. While Ford executives during the era are not as culpable or responsible for the outcome of the Pinto decisions as similar executive might be today in an era of greater safety standards and regulatory constraints on automakers, even a period analysis shows that Ford executives, acting in an unethical manner and..."

Tags:regulatory agencies, safety, Nader, punitive damages, bad publicity, responsibility, Iacocca

Abstract
This paper examines the development of the lower limb from the third week of gestation until birth, that is, from ventrolateral swelling until the development of foot plates and the rotation of the lower limb. It then discusses the rare congenital defect known as sirenomelia, or mermaid syndrome. It describes the most common anomalies of sirenomelia and discusses what is understood about the etiology of this malformation.

Table of Contents:
Lower Limb Development
Sirenomelia

From the Paper
"Some scientists believe sirenomelia to be linked to Caudal Regression Syndrome. This condition is a consequence of abnormal development of derivatives of the caudal mesodermal axis before 28 days gestation of the embryo (Kallen, 1973). Sirenomelia has also been associated with maternal diabetes. Scientists believe that the altered oxidative metabolism from diabetes may lead to increased production of free oxygen radicals in the developing fetus, which could be teratogenic (Kadian, 2008). Keeping that in mind, as the average body mass index of humans increases so does the incidence of maternal diabetes. This increased incidence of diabetes might lead to an increase in the number of babies born with birth defects like sirenomelia in the future."

Tags:fusion malformation diabetes, mermaid syndrome

Abstract
This paper explains that the Uniform Commercial Code sets forth liability under the implied warranty of merchantability in states that have adopted only the Uniform Commercial Code instead of imposing strict liability negligence statutes for defective products. The author points out that, in states with strict liability statutes for defective products, tort liability is predicated on three specific types of defects: manufacturing defects; design defects; and failure to warn. The paper relates that, conversely, in states relying on the U.C.C., liability is predicated on contract law for breach of warranty.

From the Paper
"Under contract theory, this express warranty would seem to trigger
liability for breach of warranty, in addition to strict liability under tort theory for failure to warn, one of the traditional avenues to establishing strict liability under California's definition of a defective product. Ordinarily, liability is a function of the absence of an adequate warning of potential danger. Mongo failed to provide any such warning and actually provided an express warranty as to the absence of any dangers "inherent" in cherry pies. Recent California case law would have required warnings even where the danger encountered by the consumer is natural to the product in question, such as a cherry pit in a cherry pie."

Tags:contract, mango, code, mexicali, california

Abstract
The following paper examines the statistics and research on Spina Bifida, a dreadful and complicated disease that approximately 1,500 infants are born with each year. The writer also discusses the way in which this disease affects each child differently, as well as examines treatments and solutions available.

From the Paper
"Spina Bifida is a spinal condition in which one or more of an infant's vertebrae do not properly form, leaving an opening at the base of the spinal cord which can cause serious damage to the central nervous system. The result is often paralysis or mental retardation (Sandler, 1997). Spina Bifida comes from the Latin words for "split spine." It is a congenital disorder, but it is usually an isolated one, meaning that usually only one child from the same biological parents will be affected. This causes many experts to believe that the disorder results from both genetic and environmental factors (Sandler, 1997).

"Types and Causes of Spina Bifida: There are currently three recognized types of spina bifida; The first is Occulta, in which the outer area of the vertebrae is not completely joined. Spina bifida occulta literally means a hidden split in the spine. It is hidden because the deformity of the spine and any associated abnormalities are covered by the skin. This is the least serious but most common type of the disorder."

Tags:birth, children, defects, disease, disorder, infants, medical, medicine, outer, area, hidden, head, abnormality