Abstract
This paper analyzes Edward Erickson's 2003 book, "Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans". The paper discusses specific reasons for the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. It also discusses Erickson's credentials and the methodology used in the book.

Tags:Ottoman, Balkans, Erickson, Defeat, Detail, Army

Abstract
An analysis of Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez' defeat in 2007 on the constitutional referendum to a coalition of student groups and former supporters.

From the Paper
"In 2007, the Chavez regime in Venezuela experienced its first major setback when it lost a referendum to amend the Venezuelan constitution. This defeat of the bombastic leader was all the more remarkable given that the government has systematically quelled dissent and shut down avenues for opposition forces to make their cases to the Venezuelan people. Despite this political reality, Chavez saw his referendum defeated by a movement that began on the streets as student protests against closing a television station, but that grew into a broad coalition against..."

Tags:chavez, defeat, referendum, venezuela, student, protest

Abstract
In this article the writer examines how even though in 1942, Adolf Hitler almost defeated the Soviet Union, the Soviets somehow managed to achieve victory in 1945. The writer researches the debate regarding the reasons why Hitler was defeated. The writer notes that it seems probable, however, that no single event caused Hitler's defeat. In this essay, the writer looks at the various issues that may have contributed to the defeat of the Nazi army.

From the Paper
"In 1942, Adolf Hitler all but had the army of the Soviet Union defeated. In 1945, however, the Soviets snatched victory from his grasp. There exists some debate as to why Hitler was defeated. It seems probable, however, that no single event caused Hitler's defeat. One possible cause was that Hitler made the decision not to attack Moscow during his initial invasion. In addition, Hitler underestimated the capabilities of the Soviet army. At the same time, he overestimated his own capabilities. All of these things may have contributed to the defeat of the Nazi army. Why then, did Hitler find defeat that the hands of the Soviets? How did these factors contribute? Were there other factors that led to Hitler's defeat?"

Tags:hitler, soviet, war

Abstract
This paper analyzes the defeat of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad. The paper contends that the military defeat was caused by failures of German military and political leadership as well as a powerful Soviet resistance and counter-offensive.

Tags:germans were outgeneraled, outfoxed, outmaneuvered and outproduced.

Abstract
This paper focuses on the five main factors that led to Germany's defeat in the Second World War. It first examines the lack of focus of German operations. Next, it looks at Germany's inability to make lasting allies and how Germany's cruelty to conquered nations caused unnecessary antagonism and united other countries against her. Next, the paper discusses America's industrial and manpower contributions to the war, which was far greater than Hitler had expected and boosted the strength of the Allies greatly. The paper then discusses how Germany never achieved its economic potential. Finally, the paper describes Hitler's unwillingness to end the war. These five factors combined to form a great Allied threat to Germany and a German denial and arrogance, which ultimately resulted in its defeat.

From the Paper
"This policy was not conducive to political alliances and ultimately was a major factor in Germany's downfall The nature of Nazism combined with Hitler's distrustful nature and "Hitler's well-proven untrustworthiness" made it impossible for Germany to have any lasting allies. In 1941, Germany tried to organize an anti-British alliance of Spain France, Italy, Germany, Russia and Japan, but failed. No one believed the propaganda about a united Europe. The propaganda about a "European Partnership" was not believed by Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway or Denmark. The alliances with Italy and Russia that existed early in the war deteriorated."

Tags:rearmament, facism, axis

Abstract
This paper analyses and discusses why the French were defeated by the Vietnamese in Indochina. The paper explains that there were three stages to the defeat: Firstly the conduct of many nations and movements during and after the Second World War placed France at a great disadvantage when they attempted to reclaim their colonial possessions in the region, contrasting the relative ease with which Britain reasserted itself in Malaya and the U.S.A. in the Philippines immediately after the war. Secondly the French administration did itself a great disservice when the opportunity for negotiation with nationalist forces arose. Finally the French were defeated militarily due to a wide range of factors including the popularity and numerical superiority of their enemy, international support for the Vietminh, discrepancy between the quality of French leadership and that of the communists, and the superiority of Vietminh tactics given the conditions under which the war was fought.

From the Paper
"After over one hundred years of colonial rule in Indochina, France withdrew from Southeast Asia, defeated by the communist-nationalist Vietminh. There were many reasons for this loss. French defeat came in three stages. Firstly the conduct of many nations and movements during and after the Second World War placed France at a great disadvantage when they attempted to reclaim their colonial possessions in the region, contrasting the relative ease with which Britain reasserted itself in Malaya and the USA in the Philippines immediately after the war. Secondly the French administration did itself a great disservice when the opportunity for negotiation with nationalist forces arose. Finally the French were defeated militarily due to a wide range of factors including the popularity and numerical superiority of their enemy, international support for the Vietminh, discrepancy between the quality of French leadership and that of the communists, and the superiority of Vietminh tactics given the conditions under which the war was fought."

Tags:vichy, vietminh, communism

Abstract
This paper contends that the Chinese communists in 1927 did not directly cause their own defeat, but it occurred by a number of reasons such as poor organisation and a lack of mass support among the industrial workers of China's cities. The paper also argues that the main reason why the Chinese communists were defeated was that the policy which was devised by Stalin's leadership and the Comintern was inappropriate for China and her society at the time.

From the Paper
"Since the inception of the united front policy in July 1925, the policy was heavily skewed towards to Kuomintang and its predominant role in the Chinese struggle for independence against imperialism and the feudal warlords of the North. Consequently, the Communists were subordinate to the Kuomintang from the outset, and although, as the movement grew, Comintern funds for the Chinese Communists increased substantially, one must note that these funds were small "compared with the Soviet aid for weapons and other programs given to the Nationalists" . The Kuomintang were supplied with weapons and aid, which then increased following the success of the Northern Expedition, and only ceased when it looked as if Chiang Kai-shek would not stop his march on Shanghai in February of 1927. "

Tags:Chiang, Kai-shek, Kuomintang, stalin

Abstract
This paper examines the factors leading to the defeat of the Conservative government in the 1964 election, concentrating on economic and political reasons. It looks in detail at the economic decline that Britain was experiencing, the role of the trade unions within this and the effect of the rejection of the application to join the European Community. It then considers the political factors, including scandals such as the Vassal and Profumo affairs, the resignation of Macmillan, and the leadership contest which ended in the succession by Douglas-Home. The paper concludes that given the history of the parliament, it was unsurprising that the Conservatives were defeated in the election, perhaps exacerbated by the choice of new leader following the resignation of Macmillan.

From the Paper
"In 1961 Profumo, the Minister of War, began an affair with Christine Keeler, who was also involved with a Russian diplomat. When discovered, there was speculation about whether national security had been threatened: these rumours did not cease, and eventually, in March 1963, formal questions were raised in the Commons, to which the response was a personal statement read by Profumo. The statement was mostly true, with the exception of a claim that there had been no personal impropriety, and it was accepted by the MPs, although the press, continued with their speculations. Eventually in June 1963, Profumo admitted to the House that he had lied, and resigned his seat. "

Tags:affair, campaign, douglas, ec, home, john, lord, macmillan, nedc, policies, profumo, scandal, trade, unions, vassal

Abstract
Bryant Simon examines the politics of South Carolina textile workers from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. He demonstrates how a group of southern laborers perceived the world, especially in the context of politics and public power. We see how these workers went through many transitions in their ideology, as their views of race and class changed throughout political developments, especially those that were brought on by the New Deal. The author examines the careers of Cole Blease and Olin Johnston to crystallize his themes. He analyzes the roots of the appeal of these popular South Carolina politicians to demonstrate his main arguments.

Abstract
This paper reviews Archer Jones's book on the U.S. Civil War, "Civil War and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat", and summarizes the parameters of the book's content and the thesis Archer presents in the book. It looks at what the reaction to the book has been.

From the Paper
"The Civil War is often called, in military terms, the first modern war. However, although the war did blend technological and tactical elements that had never been deployed upon American soil, it was more of a heterogeneous mix of ancient and contemporary modes and means of warfare, than a truly modern war. In his text, Civil War and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat, Archer Jones attempts to give a balanced study of Union and Confederate tactical and political decision-making. He attempts to illustrate how the ancient ideals of military history, as learned in the American nation's service academies, were embodied in the conflict, as well as modern elements of strategy and weaponry that could only have been produced in a nation at the cusp of the Industrial Revolution."

Tags:leadership, union, confederate, military, lincoln, jefferson, conflict, lee, grant, southern, north