Abstract
The central claim of "deep ecology" is that we need to correct an anthropocentric bias in our attitudes to the nonhuman world, and in particular to extend moral concern across time and across species. This paper will examine the benefits and the shortcomings of anthropocentrism within the framework of 'deep ecology'. As well, this paper will attempt to demonstrate both the value and some of the limitations of this framework with respect to the problem of anthropocentrism.

Tags:deep, ecology

Abstract
A paper on deep ecology which analyzes how it relates to environment and organisms.

Tags:deep, ecology

Abstract
This paper explains that, for all of recorded history, Western cultures have operated on an implicit foundation of anthropocentrism, which assumes that human beings are the most important beings in the world. The author points out that ecocentrism, also known as biocentrism, is the exact opposite of anthropocentrism in that it sees the ecosystem itself as central. The paper relates that the first principle of the deep ecology movement, as formulated by Arne Naess and George Sessions in 1984, gives expression to the essence of ecocentrism. The author further states that the deep ecology platform is a foundation that might make it possible to save the planet, humans and most of the other still surviving species; however, none of the above will come easily to most people, accustomed to considering humans as the center of the universe and the pinnacle of all creation.

From the Paper
"However, sacrifices will have to be made. One cannot drive a luxury SUV through a Garden-of-Eve like paradise - one of them has to go. The trick will be for enough people to realize it is the SUV that needs to go. Of course, the SUV is meant as a metaphor for the many excessive luxuries that so many people insist on, generating a consumerism that has sustained the multinational corporations that are devouring the resources of our planet. Thus, what needs to happen is a total shift in what we value."

Tags:anthropocentrism, implement, excessive, population, preserve

Abstract
In the last twenty years, the debate over global warming, deforestation and other conservation issues have become part of the national conscious. People are becoming more and more aware of the many destructive impacts of man on the global environment. Rising to meet this problem is a movement called Deep Ecology. Deep Ecology proposes a number of values aimed at influencing people to realize their connection to their environment and to do everything possible to live in global harmony.

Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes the philosophical differences between deep ecologists and shallow ecologists, and how they view renewable energy. The paper also defines each and their approaches to ecology. The paper also explores the evolution of each philosophical outlook and its main principles.

From the Paper
"The main difference between deep ecology and shallow ecology is that deep ecology believes in the intrinsic value of everything on earth, human and nonhuman alike. Shallow ecology assigns value to an inhuman object in so far as it is instrumental to human ends. (Roberts) The glossary definition of shallow ecology is a critical term applied to superficial environmentalists who claim to be green but who are quick to compromise and who do little to bring about fundamental change. Shallow ecology was the dominant thought until..."

Tags:deep ecology, shallow ecology, renewable energy

Abstract
This paper examines the "anthropocentrism" of Western culture, which means that human beings see themselves as the most important beings in the world. The paper then describes ecocentrism, which is the exact opposite of this, in that it sees the ecosystem itself as central. Ecocentrism is expressed in the philosophy of the Deep Ecology Platform, which the paper further explains in depth.

From the Paper
"For all of recorded history, Western cultures have operated on an implicit foundation of "anthropocentrism." This is the assumption that human beings are the most important beings in the world. At its most extreme, the universe is envisaged as being created for the exclusive use of human beings. Ecocentrism (also known as biocentrism) is the exact opposite of this, in that it sees the ecosystem itself as central. Ecocentrism is expressed in the philosophy of the Deep Ecology Platform. This essay will explain the basic tenets of this form of ecology. Anthropocentrism is the view we see reflected in the Biblical story of..."

Tags:ecocentrism, deep ecology, ecology

Abstract
This paper explains that Arme Naess' philosophy of "deep ecology" encourages respect for the environment, not because humans depend on nature, but because nature and its inhabitants have inherent value. The author points out that Ramachandra Guha's ecological philosophy of "anthropocentrism" declares that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone, which challenges this "deep ecology" philosophy. The paper concludes that Ramachandra Guha, who alleges that "shallow ecology" is sufficient for providing a satisfactory ethic of obligation and concern for the non-human world, is not rational; rather the concept of "deep ecology" needs to be extended especially toward non-human individuals, wilderness areas and across time and species.

From the Paper
"Assuming characteristically anthropocentric perspectives and values is a defect, we should, instead, assume a biocentric perspective. We should certainly abandon crude conceptions of human needs that equate them with the sort of needs that are satisfied by extravagant resource use. One of the problems with shallow ecology lies in anthropocentrism, specifically the fact that they are characteristically short-term, sectional, and self-regarding. Suppose that astronomers detect a modest asteroid on collision course with Earth. The impending collision would be perfectly natural. Such periodic disruptive events are natural, though they probably destroy most of the then extant large life forms. These times of renewal provide opportunities for smaller, flexible organisms to radiate opportunistically into vacated niches, and life goes on. There is little doubt that our demise would provide comparable opportunities for development that we currently prevent. Even then, we should step aside so that evolution can continue on its majestic course."

Tags:human, value, habitat, biocentric, ethic

Abstract
This paper discusses three environmental theories; environmental pragmatism, global warming, and deep ecology, examining their implications and criticisms against them. It also discusses the prioritization of and responsibility for relationships between humans, animals, and the natural environment.

From the Paper
"Environmental pragmatism, which focuses on facts and consequences as opposed to theories and principles, is a good theory for addressing the complexities of modern environmental issues, because it favors practical, workable solutions and is skeptical of grand theories and fixed dogmatic notions. (Mintz) However, pragmatic theory is not conducive to environmental change because it lacks the force of more dramatic theories that can better win an audience. (Mintz) The global warming theory which posits that hydrocarbon emissions from humankind's economic activities causes the planet's temperature to rise, melting..."

Tags:environmental theories, environment, animals, humans, global warming, pragmatism, deep ecology

Abstract
A summary of the following philosophies of environmental thought, their sources, and practical applications of each: biocentric ethics, environmental pragmatism, social ecology, ecofeminism, ecocentric ethics, the land ethic, deep ecology and holism.

Tags:biocentric ethics, environmetnal pragmatism, social ecology, ecofeminism, ecocentric ethics, the land ethic, deep ecology, holism

Abstract
This paper discusses the environmental problems of the world, including world hunger and disease, lack of democracy, overpopulation, resource depletion and the destruction of habitat and species. It looks at the ways that people are contributing to these problems and briefly discusses the political aspect of the overwhelming planetary problems. The paper also looks at the role of media in these problems.

Table of Contents:
Deep Ecology
Social Ecology / Murray Bookchin
Barry Commoner, Michael Coor, And Paul J. Stamler
Ching Lai Cheng
UN Compact & Human Rights In Depth

From the Paper
"Ching talks on page 328 about a very important point brought up in this class and that is "over-advertising" (which supposedly stimulates the "consumption of goods"), which in this paper I will call "manipulative" advertising, in solidarity with the instructor. The lies, distortions, and basic con jobs that are part of today's television, movie, magazine and Internet advertising campaigns should be attacked with logic and facts by legislators and other leaders. Much of the advertising on television today is morally disgusting; but while there is no way to really stop it, people in positions of influence should condemn it. The materialistic attitudes in America, unfortunately, are here to stay. But educating young people in schools, churches, and other social venues is more and more necessary. Many millions of young people today are addicted to electronic games (X-Boxes, Nintendo, etc), cell phones, text messaging, emails, movies and other technologies. While they are certainly influenced by advertising perhaps more than any previous generation, at the same time they seem to have more autonomy from their parents than any previous generation as well. Rather than legislate what advertising should be acceptable for the mass marketing of goods and technologies, leaders should encourage parents to teach their children about the natural world, and share values with them that transcend their immediate desire for fun and games."

Tags:advertising, third world, ecology