Abstract
This paper deals with the application of macroeconomic principals to real-world problems, by detailing and analyzing instances in which the fictional protagonist makes deductions about criminal behavior patterns by using economic concepts.

From the Paper
"Economics is not something the average person thinks of as being practical in an everyday sense. Most people "excepting those who are economists" are only exposed to economic thinking when they're filing their tax returns, or when they're trying to figure out why Alan Greenspan can announce that he doesn't feel so well today and suddenly the stock market crashes (why is that, anyway?). Fortunately, Professor Henry Spearman is not an everyday person. In fact, the protagonist of Marshall Jevons' "A Deadly Indifference" proves that economic thinking can not only be practical, but can actually solve crimes. This came as no surprise to me, of course, because I am a regular viewer of "The X-Files," where such extraordinary things happen every week."

Tags:asymmetric, choice, functions, hobson, information, interdependent, jevons, logic, macroeconomics, spearman, utility

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the continuing and evolving search for more effective methods of law enforcement and criminal investigation, the strategy of profiling has gained progressively wider use over the past thirty years. The paper looks at how profiling is currently understood to consist of two related but distinct methodologies, based upon the two forms of classical logic, inductive and deductive.

From the Paper
"In the continuing and evolving search for more effective methods of law enforcement and criminal investigation, the strategy of profiling has gained progressively wider use over the past thirty years. Profiling is currently understood to consist of two related but distinct methodologies, based upon the two forms of classical logic, viz., inductive and deductive (Godwin 2006, para 2). Inductive profiling begins with statistical data compiled from a variety of sources over time and working from this general data to attempt to..."

Tags:criminology, profiling, deduction

Abstract
This paper takes a look back at classical philosophy to determine the origins of the deductive-nomonological model. The paper looks at the evolutionary nature of the model, which proceeds from the skepticism predominant in the Middle Ages towards the universals of Aristotle. The paper goes on to discuss subsequent philosophies that questioned whether universal laws can be described successfully. The paper concludes with a look at the views of the deductive nomological model held by scientific realists, nominalists and defendants of the model.

From the Paper
"The Deductive-Nomological model of explanation is a logical process that was developed after World War II by Carl Hempel to derive working scientific explanations from laws that are created from the regular observation of phenomena, which can then be used to successfully predict the subsequent re-application of these laws. These laws are, in effect, explanations of phenomena or theories, and by using such explanations to predict new events we can successfully prove their validity. This theory relies heavily on the empiricism of Locke and others, but seeks to modify it in order to facilitate its application in the statistical methodologies commonly employed in the social scientists by logical positivists. Its history can be traced back to classical philosophy, where we find the question of "universals," where it was questioned whether universal laws described events successfully."

Tags:aristotelian, plato, newton, locke, hume, descartes, covering, law, hypothetico-deductivism, inductivism

Abstract
The paper argues in favour of inductive arguments in philosophy as it requires a most tentative and broad, careful approach. The paper maintains that deduction can be too bound by logic or equations and abduction requires prior knowledge for the person is seeking what is not visible from much on a topic that is visible. The paper explains that the main idea of induction is that of needing to question and respond carefully, avoiding fast conclusions.

From the Paper
"A first year course text states that "philosophy involves constructing and evaluating arguments" in common with other pursuits such as mathematics or economics or people in everyday life. (p.7) However, philosophers also construct arguments of different kinds with different fields of philosophy involving particular kinds of questions and schools of thought on which methods of inquiry are better. Good questions are seen as those that are rationally persuasive in the sense that they give the listener or the person to ask a question a sense that a result or answer is plausible. (p.8)"

Tags:course text, intro, induction

Abstract
The paper discusses the case of "Cheung v. FC of T', an Australian case about the legality of self-education deductions.

From the Paper
"The Australian Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) handed down a decision in March in the case of "Cheung v. FC of T" holding that self-education expenses incurred by a full-time hospitality management student who worked at two hotels during the course of her studies were not deductible. At issue in this analysis is a description of the decision by the AAT, a summary of the facts of the case, the rationale for the decision and the general principles that..."

Tags:Australia, tax law, self-education deductions.

Abstract
This paper engages deductive reasoning to prove that both men and women generate and perpetuate sexism. Starting with a major premise, going to a minor premise, and ending with the conclusion, the paper uses deductive reasoning to prove its point.

From the Paper
"One of the classic gender issues between men and women is sexism. Women have long been the victims of sexism on the job and at home and psychiatrists identify the cause of sexism as resulting from men's subconscious fear of the receptivity that characterizes women, a fear that has been exercised in the subjugation of women in culture. There are significant differences between men and women, one of them being the physical and emotional receptivity of females that contrasts with..."

Tags:deductive reasoning, premise, logic, gender, sexism, fear, men, women

Abstract
This paper explains that an inquiry system, which is a systematic investigation for producing knowledge by processing input through an operator for an output, acts as a guarantor for the operator to verify the conclusion of an issue. The author points out that deductive thinking is a scientific method in applying laws to come up with assumptions that can be tested. Observations are collected to deal with those assumptions, and then the laws will be confirmed by deductive thinking. The paper demonstrates the inductive approach by presenting the case of the relationship between the brightness of lighting while sleeping and myopia; however, it is hardly a cause-and-effect relationship, as many other factors are ignored. For example, the reading habits of children, genetic factors affecting their visual system, and the social status and the educational level of the family.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Inductive Approach
Deductive Approach
Multiple Realities
Dialectics
Case Study 1: Inductive Approach
The Relationship between the Brightness of Lighting While Sleeping and Myopia
Case Study 2: Deductive Approach
The Age of the Earth
Case Study 3: Multiple Realities
Searching for a Way to Save a Corporation
Case Study 4: Dialectic Approach
Complete Ban on Smoking in Indoor Area
Conclusion

From the Paper
"For the strength of this approach, it can be used effectively in gaining the belief of people on propositions of past or present fact or value and it will often be a superior method in persuading others with presenting the facts and data the observer gathered. In this case, the physician concluded that the causality between the degree of the brightness in sleeping and the children's tendency to myopia, the findings of his research was clearly presented and his observation is seems to be scientific and believable, thus, after reading the article, many parents bought eyeshades for their children."

Tags:assumption, operative, scientific, relationship, smoking

Abstract
This paper uses the movie "Rain Man" to illustrate the concepts of three thinking processes. The writer underscores the mechanics of deductive reasoning, creative thinking or reasoning and problem solving while citing examples from the movie as well as discussions on cognitive psychology.

From the Paper
"The human thinking process is extremely complex. We have many ways of problem solving that we are not aware of but simply use. The movie Rain Man is an excellent illustration of what can happen if the processes are not complete or they are confused in our brains. Deductive reasoning, creative reasoning and problem solving are all intertwined and the movie about an autistic man provides a clear picture of the differences."

Tags:autism, ?idiot, savant?, movie, Rain Man, creative, mental, IQ, developmental, genius, skills

Abstract
The paper looks at how the Internal Revenue Code has defined charitable organizations and the trusts that are eligible to receive donations with tax exceptions. The paper looks at large scale sham cases that used the provisions of charity to evade tax and the resulting legislation that has removed the special status of charitable organizations and has brought them under their scrutiny. The paper looks at when a donor gets benefits of tax deductions and when a taxpayer will not be able to avail the provisions of the charity provisions where there has been an 'ear marked' donation.

Outline:
Introduction
Definition & Classification of Charity
Analysis of Taxation and its Incidence on Beneficiaries for Charities
Legislation
Benefits and Deductions
Negation of Tax Benefits, and Incidence of Tax
Beneficiaries
Sham Beneficiaries
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The definition of a trust is said to be: A separate taxable entity "for federal income tax purposes." The trusts are legally of many types, but generally are created out of the will or arrangement by a donor or creator of the trust and an appointed trustee takes the charge and responsible of the trust and all assets and property of the trust which is a new legal entity. The beneficiary or beneficiaries are the person or persons who derive benefit from the trust or are entitled to receive income or benefits from the values held by the trust. Thus the beneficiaries could be a class of persons as described by the charter of the trust eg: Visually challenged persons. Or it could even be the members of the trust including the founder, in which case too the trust being a separate entity can hold the amounts in trust for them. Thus the beneficiaries could be any person. There are business and investment trusts that are created for the purpose of business or are based on profit making and this is usually done using the capital provided by the donors or creators of the trust. This type of trust closely resembles a partnership and can be taxed as a business entity in the same way as a company. Thus there is no tax exemption as in the case of charitable trusts. (CCH Incorporated, Commerce Clearing House, CCH Tax Law, 2007) A liquidating trust likewise is formed to liquidate assets and it is taxed as a trust."

Tags:deductions, evasion, fiduciaries, beneficiaries, trusts

Abstract
This paper explains that changing the U.S. tax system to a flat tax system with a broader tax base and lower tax rates has advantages and disadvantages over the current tax system, which is very complicated and has issues of inequity. The author points out that the
new tax system would broaden the tax base, lower tax rates and do
away with mortgage interest payments and state and local tax deductions. The paper states that, once the principles of a low flat rate tax on consumption with no deductions is established and all the special interest lobbies have been steamrollered, the logical next step is to scrap the income tax entirely.

From the Paper
"Many groups may protest against a broadened tax base and lowered tax rates through a flat tax type initiative. Entities and individuals with tax shelters for example would be very angry about this change and likely would protest because they would be losing their tax shelters. Homeowners might also protest because of the abovementioned
predictions in regard to the housing market and how it might collapse under a flat tax initiative. And politicians who are entrenched in or have interests in maintaining the status quo will protest against change in the system and try to tie up the effectiveness and speed of the change."

Tags:deductions, inequity, homeowners, politicians, complicated