Abstract
This paper outlines the uses of police decoys in light of the writer's personal experience as a decoy. The paper defines police decoys' activities, discusses the brief history behind the use of decoys and explains the effect of constitutional considerations surrounding their use. The paper examines the use of informants and the training available and accessible for decoys and analyzes safety hazards involved in being employed as a decoy. The paper also explores any relevant ethical issues. Finally, the paper concludes that in general, the use of decoys in the United States criminal justice system has been proven to be effective.

Outline:
Definition
History
Constitutional Considerations
Use of Informants
Training for Decoys
Hazards
Ethical Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Information and intelligence have always been, and will remain the most essential components of policing, and indeed all law enforcement and security work (Taylor & Francis, 2002). The use of a decoy in police operations involves the use of an innocent unrelated third party to "set up" the criminal. The use of a police decoy is equivalent to a source of information used to assist the police or relevant authority in solving a crime. Sources of information are many and varied, ranging from everyday interactions with police officers, to anonymous reports, and to the use of paid and unpaid informants."

Tags:criminal, information, intelligence, agents

Abstract
This paper creates a wartime ethical dilemma of a lieutenant who is asked to be a decoy by his commanding officer but refuses. His commanding officer threatens to shoot him. The lieutenant continues to object and gets shot. The author argues the question by using Mill's utilitarian theory, Kant's categorical imperative theory and Royce's loyalty theory.

From the Paper
"There are two fundamental issues in this situation that challenge Mill, Kant and Royce: First, whether sacrificing Lt. Downs as a decoy is justifiable, and second, whether shooting him in the face of his non-compliance was justifiable, or even humane."

Tags:ethic, mill, kant, royce, utilitarian, theory, tenets, categorical, imperative, autonomy, loyalty, community

Abstract
This paper describes the fight between William and James for the English throne in the 17th century. The paper describes Williams initial conquest of the throne and James' refusal to give up the throne even after the English parliament had declared William and Mary as joint sovereigns. The paper then describes the battle that ultimately took place in the fight for the throne, the Battle of the Boyne, as well as why William won the battle and why it was a battle not only over who would be King, but a battle that would determine the religious climate throughout Europe too. Its aftermath is also discussed, pointing out that even to this day, the battle remains a controversial issue between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland.

From the Paper
"In the late 1600's, two men were claimants to the English throne, William and James (Lenihan). William landed at Torbay on November 5, 1688 and marched slowly through the country, gaining followers as he went, while support for King James withered away. James fled to France on December 11, and in January 1689, Parliament declared that James had abdicated, and offered the throne to William and Mary. Although the English made an attempt to appoint Mary the sole English monarch, she rejected the proposal. William had no intention of being his wife's consort stating that if that was all England could do for him after he had saved the country, then he would go back to the Netherlands. King William and Queen Mary were declared joint sovereigns on February 13. To confirm his claim to the throne, William promised to obey the Declaration of Rights, which assured the English people of certain basic rights while making it illegal for the king to keep a standing army, levy taxes without Parliament's approval or become a Roman Catholic. William was willing to let Parliament limit his power in return for its support against France (Hayes McCoy). "

Tags:kingdom, louis, xiv, invasion, dublin, monarch, irish, soldiers, army, troops, attack, decoy