Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data

From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."

Tags:bat, bee, bird, butterfly, change, climate, decline, ecosystem, environment, mammal, pesticide, plant, pollination, pollinator

Abstract
In this article the writer looks at Sparta's decline as a military power. The writer discusses the multiple manifestations of shortsightedness that caused the decline. The writer describes that this decline was caused by factors ranging from attitudes, to tactics, to lack of diplomacy with its allies.

From the Paper
"Although historians offer a panoply of possible reasons for the decline of Sparta essentially its downfall was the result of one glaring fault. This fault, although it manifested in a number of disparate ways, could be summed up in one word shortsightedness. This shortsightedness occurred in areas such as its attitudes, its failure to modify the rigid Lycurgan system, its tactical naivety, its failure to adapt when opponents began hiring mercenary armies, its wrongdoing, its lack of diplomacy ... "

Tags:Sparta, decline, shortsightedness

Abstract
The following paper will argue that voter decline in Great Britain can be stymied and reversed through a combination of compulsory voting and, more importantly, a transparent Single Transferable Vote process. The next several pages will highlight the problem of voter decline (especially amongst the young), discuss youth apathy, the consequences to Great Britain if the worrisome trend is not reversed, what changes are worth looking at, and why compulsory voting deserves to be part of the solution. In the end, a dual-pronged approach that makes people accountable and the system responsive and fair is the way to go.

From the Paper
Voter Decline in Britain: Some Possible Solutions Introduction The following paper will argue that voter decline in Great Britain can be stymied and reversed through a combination of compulsory voting and, more importantly, a transparent Single Transferable Vote process. The next several pages will highlight the problem of voter decline (especially amongst the young), discuss youth apathy, the consequences to Great Britain if the worrisome trend is not reversed, what changes are worth looking at, and why compulsory voting deserves to be part of the solution. In the end, a dual-pronged approach that makes people accountable and the

Tags:voter, decline, britain

Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the decline of the ancient Egyptian civilization and argues that a number of factors played a role. Among these are a shift from economic prosperity to poverty, the weakening power of the pharaoh (related to the rise of the priesthood and royal instability) and continuous warfare with neighbouring societies.

From the Paper
"From the Egyptian state's origins in the Old Kingdom, circa 2575 B.C., it flourished in relative isolation from other civilizations. It was protected by the Mediterranean in the north, the desert in the east and west, and by an "ethnic frontier" in the south (Adams, 1984, p. 38). During this time of remoteness, the Egyptian state built complex pyramid structures, developed a unique religion and established a political system based on the supremacy of the pharaoh and a hereditary bureaucracy (Fagan, 2004, p. 385). However, the prosperity and stability of the Old Kingdom (circa 2575 to 2180 B.C.) could not last forever, and since several succeeding pharaohs lacked leadership Egypt entered a period in which the central power of the government declined and local leaders became independent rulers within their own territories (Fagan, 2004, p. 389). In conjunction with this decline in power, came a prolonged drought cycle, but this led to improvements in agriculture and eventually to a rapid increase in population, though famines continued to strike for over three hundred years. Trade networks were vastly expanded during the Middle Kingdom (2134 to 1640 B.C.) and parts of the desert lands of Nubia were conquered, the first signs of imperial ambitions (Fagan, 2004, p. 390). The second intermediate period, occurring between 1640 and 1530 B.C., brought political instability and economic disorder to Egypt once again. However, in the same way that the first intermediate period brought improvements to the Egyptian civilization, this new period of instability brought several innovations that preserved Egypt's role in the eastern Mediterranean world (Fagan, 2004, p. 391). The New Kingdom, 1530 to 1070 B.C., brought with it periods of extensive wealth, an expansive empire, and political stability, though these qualities were quickly dissolved with the last of the long-lived pharaohs Rameses III (Fagan, 2004, p. 391; Ibid, p. 395). The last years of the Egyptian dynasties were marked by a "succession of short-lived, sometimes competing and generally unremarkable kings" (Rice, 1997, p. 1980). After this time political weakness opened the door to the rapidly evolving civilizations crowding Egypt's borders. By about 1000 B.C. the country was bankrupt and the influence of other ancient civilizations, Assyrians and Persians followed by the Greeks, came to dominate the Nile Valley (Clayton, 1994, p. 173). The decline of the Egyptian civilization resulted from the complex interplay of several factors including economic conditions, a weakening of the pharaohs? power, and warfare with other complex societies."

Tags:africa, ancient, anthropology, archaeology, civilization, decline, east, egypt, history, middle, pharaoh, societies

Abstract
The paper discusses how the decline of the Ottoman and Qing Empires destabilized international order in the West and East respectively. The paper continues by explaining the lack of equilibrium and the political and military vacuums caused by the breakups.

From the Paper
"This research paper analyzes and compares the extent to which the international order in the West was destabilized by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and in the East by that of the Qing Dynasty. The slow decay and fitful decline of the Ottoman Empire culminating in its destruction at the end of World War I certainly influenced the balance of power in Eastern and Central Europe."

Tags:decline, Ottoman, Qing, Empires, consequences

Abstract
The decline of Koryo is discussed, mainly from the point of view of a too hierarchical and aristocratic order that did not respond well to external threat or serve the needs of other groups in the society.

Tags:instability, decline, koryo

Abstract
This paper analyzes the recent decline of the Euro, and discusses how its relative weakness, compared to the dollar and other currencies, has affected American financial markets.

Tags:ECONOMICS / INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, decline of euro

Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies that outlines three factors for the decline of Imperial Spain: Economic and financial debilities, a military decline and a decline of patriotic and religious feelings. The paper describes the revolution in the Basque Provinces. The author states that this book of history reads like a novel.

From the Paper
"These revolts helped in Spain's decline by weakening the government's position and creating unrest in the people, so they did not trust or follow government reforms meant to strengthen the country. Too many people wanted autonomy from Spain's government, and this division left the remainder of Spain weak and unprepared for further problems, inside or outside the country. Clearly, this was an important juncture for Spain; and had they handled it with more aplomb, they might have avoided some of the unrest and division that separated the country, and helped lead to its decline in world exploration and domination."

Tags:world, power, economic, financial, military, patriotic, religious, revolution, basque, novel

Abstract
This paper examines why Steak and Ale restaurant was suddenly experiencing a significant decline in employees. It examines the attributing factors as to why this occurred and evaluates the effects of the decline in employees by utilizing the framework to solve the problem by applying the processes of critical thinking. The paper then provides recommendations to the district manager within the Steak and Ale organization.

Table of Contents:
Brief Background of the Problem
Framing the Problem
Alternative Solutions & Evaluation of Alternatives
Check Sheets - Alternative Solution One
How to Create a Check Sheet
Brainstorming - Alternative Solution Two
Defining the Seven Steps in Brainstorming
Job Shadowing - Alternative Solution Three
Discussing the Three Various Types of Job Shadowing
Implementation of Chosen Solution
Evaluation and Success of Implemented Solution

From the Paper
"The measurement of the success of the program could be measured by the increase or decrease in the volume of sales at the particular restaurant in question. The tools used to measure this success would come directly from the mentor's evaluations and by how the newly trained manager progresses in becoming a skilled leader and by how efficiently operations improve at the restaurant. Another form of measurement will also be the retention of restaurant employees; of course, this is the original issue that brought JARAD consulting to Steak and Ale in the first place. This form of training has proven to be very successful in past by Steak and Ale as well as many other businesses, and JARAD agrees with Steak and Ale's executives that by utilizing our team critical thinking skills to effectively determine a suitable yet productive solution, we have objectively achieved our mission as a team and offered a reasonable solution to assist the new manager in learning to manage people, but more importantly, in understanding his or herself and resolving all the pressing issues which concerned Steak and Ale and all parties involved."

Tags:tools evaluation quit, critical thinking

Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive decline in older people. The paper contends that understanding the correlation between aging and cognitive decline requires in-depth research taking into account the numerous variables and theoretical perspectives. The paper agrees that while there is certainly a parallel between the onset of late adulthood and cognitive changes, these changes need not always be severely negative. The paper examines various factors that affect cognitive change.

Outline
Introduction
Overview
Methodical Issues
Retardation of Cognitive Decline
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cognitive decline in older people is most likely to be measured and seen in terms of declarative or episodic memory. (Wilson et al., 1997. pp 7-14).This refers to the ability to learn and retain new information. Other factors that are measured in this age group, and which show evidence of decline, are mental processing skills and perceptual speed. This refers to simple perceptual comparisons which are unusually measured with accompanying time-related tasks. (ibid) People, who are diagnosed as having ARCD or Age Related Cognitive Decline normally are perceived as suffering from deterioration of memory and learning abilities as well as limited language attention span and concentration problems."

Tags:memory, mental, processing, aging