Abstract
This paper attempts to track the important developments in the law relating to dying declarations, concentrating specifically on sub-section 1 of 32 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act, 1872. It looks at how the logic behind allowing dying declarations is that the character of the statement and the subject to which it refers indicate that it is reasonable to expect the highest degree of truth possible in the circumstances and the incentive or desire to falsify the statement is practically non-existence.

Outline
Introduction
History of Dying Declarations
Hearsay Evidence
Essentials of Dying Declaration
Court Proceedings
Attendance of Witnesses
Who May Testify?

From the Paper
"The greater portion of the law of evidence is concerned with the rules that gradually have grown up in the courts respecting persons who may testify, and the manner in which their testimony may be given. Keep in mind that the sole objective of the rules of evidence is to arrive at the truth. A witness testifies regarding his or her knowledge of the facts as a matter of public duty, and only with the imposition of conditions the law authorizes. An example of an unauthorized condition would be an agreement to pay a witness additional compensation exceeding that authorized by law for his or her testimony."

Tags:case, deceased, evidencelegal, maxim, mentiri, moriturus, nemo, procedure, proesumitur

Abstract
The paper analyzes Sara Ahmed's book "Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity Anti-Racism" and discusses the re-settlement experiences of Iraqi Kurdish women migrants in the U.K. It discusses how Ahmed assists the reader in gaining an understanding that there are many points of consideration in attempting to understand and to ultimately correct the problem of racism.

From the Paper
"The work of Richard Dyer is noted by Ahmed in the statement of Dyer as follows: "Whites must be seen to be white, yet whiteness consists in invisible properties and whiteness as power is maintained by being unseen." (1997, 45) Ahmed argues that if the definition given to whiteness "unseen". Ahmed states that: "...the argument that we must see whiteness because whiteness is unseen can convert into a declaration of not being subject to whiteness or even a white subject (If I see whiteness then I am not white, as whites don't see their whiteness) Perhaps this fantasy of transcendence is the privilege afforded by whiteness, as a privilege which disappears from sight when it has itself in view."

Tags:culture, privilege, institution, transcendence, invisible

From the Paper
"The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Black Churchmen both held out the great promise of rectifying injustices in America. The Declaration of Independence came in response to the tyranny of English rule. It trumpeted the lofty goals of equality for all men, an end to English rule, and the end to high taxes on colonists. The Declaration of Black Churchmen was drafted in response to the continued low socio-economic status of African American's after the demise of the Civil Rights Movement in the late nineteen-sixties."

Tags:civil, rights

Abstract
"The Declaration of Independence" by 13 British North American colonies in 1776 and the "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens" passed by the National Assembly of France in 1789 are two of the most important documents ever written in the history of Western Civilization. This paper shows how both the documents were greatly influenced by the Age of Enlightenment and the thoughts of philosophers such as the 17th century Englishman John Locke and the leading French philosopher of the time, Jean Jacques Rousseau. This essay is a comparison of the two documents.

From the Paper
"Although The Declaration of Independence (1776) was basically a proclamation of freedom by American colonists from British rule, it was also a statement of principle about the natural and inalienable rights of men and contained a list of grievances against the British monarch of the time, King George III. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens adopted 13 years later in France, on the other hand, was not a proclamation of independence from foreign rule and did not contain grievances against any ruler it was, however, similar to the American Declaration of Independence in many ways. The similarity of the two documents is not surprising. Although the main author of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens was Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes, French priest and revolutionary, it is widely believed that its first draft was written one month earlier by the Marquis de Lafayette with help from Thomas Jefferson, who was a personal friend of Lafayette and a US minister to France at the time. Thomas Jefferson is, of course, the main author of the Declaration of Independence."

Tags:locke, rousseau, enlightenment, western, french, equality

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of U.S. military engagement since the end of WWII, with particular emphasis on the Persian Gulf War of 1990. It points out that Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941, against Germany and that, during the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The paper then discusses the War Powers Act, which has made it possible for Congress to avoid making actual declarations of war while still permitting major military engagements such as the Persian Gulf War.

From the Paper
"Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941 against Germany in response to a formal Declaration of War by Germany against the U.S. (Paul, 2002). When Congress does formally declare war, a task that requires small effort on the part of representatives, an enemy is clearly defined and the task at hand is readily made clear. A clear cut victory is also expected as was the case of the Declaration of war against Germany and Japan. During the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The most recent example prior to 2003 of this was the war started in the Persian Gulf. Such action taken by the president of the U.S. exemplifies the pomposity and overbearing authority the president has placed upon himself over the citizens of this country."

Tags:formal, declare, persian, gulf, bush, constitution, article, authority, korean, vietnam

Abstract
The paper discusses how when teaching children grammar, teachers have to employ certain strategies, and in order to choose the most effective strategies for the students in the classroom, teachers must be able to distinguish between declarative and procedural knowledge. The paper explains that procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge do not automatically flow back and forth. The paper uses the example of English Language Learners; native speakers may be able to use their language fluently and correctly, but they may not understand the grammatical rules of the native language they are speaking. The paper explains that the same is true for declarative knowledge; declarative knowledge, which is the premise or theory of something, does not automatically mean you can do it, for example, students may learn the rules of grammar, but putting those rules to use correctly is a completely different matter ("Strategies for Learning Grammar", 2004).

From the Paper
"Declarative knowledge, or "knowing that," and procedural knowledge, or "knowing how," are two very different types of knowledge. Declarative knowledge: Knowledge about something that will allow you to describe and apply what you have learned ("Declarative Knowledge", 2007). Procedural knowledge: Learning how to do something. How to drive a car, how to ride a bike, how to juggle are examples of procedural knowledge (Holt, 2006). Chapter 8 of our text uses this example for procedural knowledge: Traffic--light red--stop; Traffic--light green--move (Sternberg, 2009, p. 322)."

Tags:declarative, procedural, knowledge

Abstract
In this paper, the writer examines the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen," written by the National Assembly in 1789. The writer discusses that the Declaration laid out a series of basic assumptions about the natural rights of man. Further, the writer contends that Baron de Montesquieu, writing 30 years earlier, would have agreed and disagreed with some of the basic premises of the Declaration.

From the Paper
"The 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen' written by the deputies of the National Assembly in 1789 lays out in seventeen articles a new vision of government, in which protection of the natural rights replaced the will of the king as the justification for authority. Thirty-one years prior Baron de Montesquieu published his work 'The Spirit of the Laws' in which he attempts to explain human laws and social institutions. In many respects Montesquieu's thought foreshadowed later political projects most notably the drafting of ... "

Tags:natural rights, french revolution, 1789, Declaration of the rights of man and citizen, montesquieu

Abstract
The paper looks at the Balfour declaration and examines the declaration that was produced by historical British solicitude for European Jewry. The paper explains how this and exigencies of World War I diplomacy contributed along with many other factors to Israeli independence in 1948. The paper details the circumstances that led to the adoption of the Balfour Declaration.

From the Paper
"This research paper analyzes the circumstances which led to the adoption by the British government in November of the Balfour Declaration and discusses its principal consequences including the relationship between its adoption and implementation and the eventual establishment of the State of Israel."

Tags:balfour, declaration, jewish, homeland, zionism

Abstract
This is a report on Don Nardo's book "The Declaration of Independence: A Model for Individual Rights". The book presents the Declaration in both a historical and philosophical light, pointing out in various revisions of the Declaration, what elements have survived into present-day American moral beliefs, and which have been abandoned or altered. The paper also discusses the taxation and military occupation that instigated the American Revolution.

Tags:independence, declaration, independence

Abstract
This paper looks at the great hypocrisy of the Declaration of Independence; the phrase that "all men are created equal" written by Thomas Jefferson while he held 175 slaves. The paper explains that slaves had no equality. were only counted as 3/5th of a person and they were denied "liberty and the pursuit of happiness" as guaranteed by the Declaration.

From the Paper
"The great hypocrisy within the Declaration of Independence is in the beginning of the second part which explains the fundamental rights of citizens under the government. "We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." No one truly believed that all men are created equal. Jefferson, the principle author of the Declaration, himself owned slaves at the..."

Tags:Declaration of Independence, slaves, Jefferson equality