Abstract
In this paper, the writer examines the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen," written by the National Assembly in 1789. The writer discusses that the Declaration laid out a series of basic assumptions about the natural rights of man. Further, the writer contends that Baron de Montesquieu, writing 30 years earlier, would have agreed and disagreed with some of the basic premises of the Declaration.

From the Paper
"The 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen' written by the deputies of the National Assembly in 1789 lays out in seventeen articles a new vision of government, in which protection of the natural rights replaced the will of the king as the justification for authority. Thirty-one years prior Baron de Montesquieu published his work 'The Spirit of the Laws' in which he attempts to explain human laws and social institutions. In many respects Montesquieu's thought foreshadowed later political projects most notably the drafting of ... "

Tags:natural rights, french revolution, 1789, Declaration of the rights of man and citizen, montesquieu

Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike the United States' Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of Rights was written first, as a statement to the French people of the supreme guarantee of rights and as a symbol of liberty and egalitarianism, which was modeled after the beliefs of the American Constitution. The author points out that the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ensured freedom to a society under absolute rule and outlined the basic fundamental principles enjoyed by a free society: No longer is the power invested in the king but in the people. The paper stresses that the National Assembly disjoined politics and religion because they considered the Catholic Church to be an enemy of liberty, a power that would try to revoke what the Declaration had just guaranteed.

From the Paper
"In declaring sovereignty for the French, the declaration was a loose interpretation of what America had scripted fifteen years earlier. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, to break colonial allegiance with Great Britain. The document asserts the right to be free and independent states, where under a fair government there is a promise for man's entitlement to independence. Such beliefs have a direct correlation with what the French conveyed in their declaration. Jefferson wrote, "...all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Brophy 190). This line is almost identical to the one found in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen."

Tags:lafette, catholic, religion, liberty, equality

Abstract
The document known as the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" was written for the purpose of delineating the rights that every individual is entitled to. This paper examines what inspired its author, Frenchman le Marquis de La Fayette, to pen the document in 1789. It also looks at the main points of the declaration, its intentions and the language used.

From the Paper
"Besides defining what the basic role of government should be, the declaration gives citizens the ability to hold government liable for its actions. Article 6 gives all citizens the right to participate in the lawmaking process, either directly or through their representatives. Citizens are also given the right to keep public officials held accountable for the actions of their administration as stated in Article 15. Much of the declaration's principles express the importance that must be shown towards maintaining the rights of individuals."

Tags:French, National, Assembly, War, of, Independence, Declaration, monarchy, aristocracy

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the 1789 "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen". The writer looks at which of its provisions Montesquieu would endorse and which he would criticize. In this paper, the writer discusses his thinking on liberty, democracy and security.

From the Paper
"... when the deputies of the National Assembly in France composed the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen' the goal was to establish once and for all solemn declaration of the natural inalienable and sacred rights of man. These rights universal immutable and self-evident were intended to advance the cause of personal liberty and stem the tides of tyranny. In this the National Assembly was applying the wisdom of the Enlightenment to concrete matters of governance, advancing the legacy of the philosophes that ... "

Tags:enlightenment, declaration of the rights fo man and citizen, montesquieu, natural rights

Abstract
This paper discusses that the Rights of Man, France's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was written in 1789. The author points out that it signaled an end to royal prerogative and a beginning, at the state level, of the consideration of individual rights in France. The paper relates that, as the French Revolution ended the reign of the Bourbons and the power and prerogatives of the monarchy; freedom, liberty and equality for each citizen became the revolutionary goal of the French people.

From the Paper
"In 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen signaled an end to royal prerogative and a beginning, at the state level, of the consideration of individual rights in France. As the French Revolution ended the reign of the Bourbons and the power and prerogatives of the monarchy; freedom, liberty, and equality for each citizen became the revolutionary goal of the French people. In carefully considering the key aspects of the Declaration in the context of seventeenth and eighteenth-century political, social and/or literary thought, it is evident that one key aspect stands out above the rest--that men are born with inalienable and equal human rights."

Tags:rights, of, man

Abstract
This paper argues that the document "The Declaration of Man and Citizen" accurately represents Rousseau concept of the social contract and that it had a foremost influence on the intellectual development of the French Revolution. The paper concludes that Rousseau would have agreed to most of the articles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, as it ensures both liberty and equality among men, two of the most fundamental concept in Rousseau's political philosophy.

From the Paper
"In his masterpiece "The Social Contract" Rousseau proposes solutions of the problems he diagnosed in his "Origins of Civil Society" and "Discourse on Inequality". With the famous phrase "man is born free, but he is everyone in chains," Rousseau states that the modern nations in which royal entities repress the freedom of the ordinary people are in actuality suppressing their natural rights and thus forsake their civil rights. According to Rousseau the only solution to the problems is to form a social contract, which is agreed upon by all the members of the society, whether rich or poor."

Tags:liberty, equality, civilv, rights

Abstract
The paper explores whether the principles in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" were for the better or for the worse of the French people and the French Revolution. The paper examines the progressive ideas of the Declaration as well as its essentially bourgeois nature that withheld freedom of assembly and liberty of association from the masses. The paper then assesses the role of the Declaration in the development of modern ideologies, including liberalism, nationalism and socialism, that all came about as a result of the French Revolution. The paper concludes that the historical, political and humanistic significance of the Declaration of Rights is of paramount importance in the law and political thought of the following centuries.

Outline:
Introduction
The Declaration as Embodiment of the Enlightenment Ideas
The Role of the Declaration in the Development of Modern Ideologies
Conclusion

From the Paper
The Declaration contains no word about actual realization by people of their civil freedoms proclaimed in it, which is typical for all bourgeois constitutional documents. The Declaration withholds freedom of assembly and liberty of association due to the bourgeoisie's fear of excited revolutionary masses. Any professional associations were treated negatively, as they were considered to be vestiges of the guild system and to hinder individual liberty. These thoughts and attitudes were soon clearly expressed in the Le Chapelier law of June 14, 1791 that barred any craft guilds and trade unions.
"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (hereafter "the Declaration") was issued on August 26, 1789 to declare the future principles of the first French constitution when it should be completed and to be embodied as its preamble. The distinction between a constitution - an established system of government - and a declaration of rights was carefully laid down. In order to prepare a good constitution, it was "necessary to recognize the rights which natural justice grants to every individual, to recall all those principles which must form the basis of every kind of society." The text of the Declaration was prepared by the members of the Constitutional Committee, and signed by the king, though under duress. The content of the Declaration was ideologically influenced by the American Bills of Rights , remonstrations of the parliament of the times of ancient regime crisis, and ideas of the National Assembly. Its text consists of a short preamble, which states that ignorance, disregard or contempt of natural, inalienable and sacred rights of man are the sole causes of public misfortunes and governmental corruption;
"French Revolution of 1789-1799 was thus a culmination of the Enlightenment philosophy. By the 1780's, the absolute French monarchy was in overall crisis due to political and financial collapse, complemented by establishment of the "third estate" as a new socially active power. The French Revolution comprised a series of events that transformed the political, social, and ideological atmosphere of modern Europe. These events were set in motion when the aristocracy, refusing to be taxed, made it necessary for King Louis XVI to revive the moribund Estates-General in the spring of 1789. Few suspected that this decision would unleash elemental and irresistible forces of discontent. Although they had different ends in view, aristocrats, bourgeois, sans-culottes (the urban poor), and peasants were united in their determination to alter the conditions of their existence. Accompanying this assertion of self-interest was a body of abstract ideas of Enlightenment that gave direction to revolutionary energies. When the National Assembly promulgated the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in August 1789, "it intended to serve notice to the rest of Europe that it had discovered universally valid principles of government."
"Philosophers and enlighteners of the XVIII century undermined the foundations of their contemporary states where political power and enormous share of wealth belonged to nobility and clergy, while masses were impoverished. They proclaimed supremacy of reason instead of faith or tradition, and advocated faith in human nature, confidence that humans will be able to manifest their good qualities when they are given freedom and justice is restored. Ideas of equity of all humans, of duty of all citizens whether a king or a peasant to obey the law established by representatives of the people, free contracts between people exempt from feudal duty and serfdom - all these demands of philosophers united and penetrated into masses of the French people paved the way to the fall of ancient regime in their minds."

Tags:bourgeois, liberalism, nationalism, socialism, French, Revolution, Enlightenment

Abstract
Using a speech by Adolf Hitler in 1926 with an excerpt from the 1789 "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen", the paper compares the concept of the two documents and how history has both validated and invallidated the content of both- Hitler's basic promise came true, while the hopes of equality and justice of man was dashed by the Fench revolution and the rise of Napoleon. The paper asserts that history has always seemed to pit man and nations against other men and nations.

From the Paper
"Historically, it is sad to have to admit that Hitler's perception of Germany's future was more accurate than the hopeful Declaration of the Rights of Man. Hitler eventually, seized power and vented his spleen against those who decimated Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The 1789 Declaration created the vengeful Directorate and the guillotine, Napoleon and, eventually the Franco-Prussian war. So, despite the armistice which France considered a victory, by the time of Hitler's speech, France was already reduced to a second-rate power, as filled with anti-Semitism as Hitler's National Socialism. One can easily say that the..."

Tags:law, politics, human rights

Abstract
This paper examines how one of the most significant aspects of the French Revolution was the incredible momentum the women's movement achieved during this time. It looks at how, during a time of intense suffering and turmoil, women came together to fight for a common cause and how ,in the wake of the Enlightenment and the French Assembly issuing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, French women rose to the occasion and courageously demanded freedom and equality. While many of these women did not live to see the equality they fought for, their efforts proved to be a constructive force during the French Revolution.

From the Paper
"Olympe de Gouges was another influential woman who fought for equality. In 1791, Olympe de Gouges wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Women. She demanded that women be looked at as citizens as well as mothers, wives, daughters, and sisters. In her declaration she also argued that women have the right to own property. She also argued for equality in marriage and education. She encouraged women to "wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights" (de Gouges). Her declaration demonstrated how the rights described in the Declaration for the Rights of Man and Citizens created basic rights for everyone, including those that it did not cover."

Tags:freedom, equality, rights, louis, XV

Abstract
This paper presents the position that unbalanced animal rights policies have an unfair and detrimental effect on some human rights. The paper presents arguments that support its position and suggests that, in order to balance the rights and safety of men and the rights of animals, the government must develop a means testing approach to wildlife protection, which could be assembled to measure economic impact of proposed animal rights declarations.

Introduction to the ESA
The Cougar's Plight
The Problem of Protection
Protected Species vs. Protected Species
Conclusion and Research Proposal

From the Paper
"According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law (1996), the Endangered Species Act (ESA) obligated the government to protect all animal and plant life threatened with extinction. Included in this category are endangered species, which is defined as any species "which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range." Also protected are threatened species, which are defined as any species "which is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range." The wide brush of this act is creating problems for those who are granting the rights to the animals. Unlike humans, who have been granted certain unalienable rights by their creator, (US Bill of Rights) animals receive the rights they enjoy from the highest species on the earth, man."

Tags:activist, group, citizen, communities, harm, rights, klammath, falls, fish, cougar, panther