Abstract The paper argues that Desdemona, the wife of Othello in Shakespeare's play of the same name, is ultimately responsible for her own death through her deceptive actions. The paper details many of her actions that could possibly be construed as deceptive and argues that regardless of the truth of any of those deceptions, her deceit of her father is what causes her downfall.
From the Paper "It is often believed that Iago is the soul source of the conflict and dishonesty in Shakespeare's Othello, but there is a definite question as to the honesty of Othello's wife, Desdemona. Desdemona's words and actions indicate that she was not completely honest in her protestations of innocence regarding Cassio. In fact, as it will be shown, her dishonesty and deceit was indeed her own downfall that led to her own death at the end of the play. From the very first act in the play we can see the beginnings of Desdemona's deceptiveness when her father Brabantio realizes that she has sneaked out of the house and married Othello without her father's knowledge or permission. Brabantio laments: "It is too true an evil... O she deceives me/ Past thought... O Treason of the Blood!" (Shakespeare 1.1.172-85)."
Abstract In this study, the writer examines the theme of deception in the Wingfield family in 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams. By analyzing the roles of Laura, Tom, and Amanda the writer notes that the crucial elements of self-deception can be realized within Williams' text. The writer points out that by critically analyzing how these characters deceive themselves, we can see that they also have a damaging impact on the very people they are trying to hide from within the play's storyline. In essence, the the writer maintains that the fantasy escapism of Laura, the sexist attitudes of Tom, and the materialism of Amanda are three aspects of deception that occur within 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams.
From the Paper "In this vital narrative, it is Laura that is deceiving herself through an obsession within unreal or fantasy objects in her glass collection. Self deception in this case is by far more damaging to the spirit, since Laura is incapable to finding a relationship with anyone else but her glass objects. This perspective comes in the realization that she cannot escape the insular world she has created, and in unable to reach outside of her fantasy world. This is the mot damaging aspect of this character's self-deception, as it denies her any type of relationship with real people."
Abstract This paper discusses the many forms of deception that appear in Shakespeare's play "Twelfth Night." The writer explains how Shakespeare's use of language, disguise, and the self deception of his characters all contribute to the energy and subtlety of the play. The writer gives a summary of the play, showing how deception is woven into the plot and how his characters unfold as they deceive others and are themselves deceived. The paper concludes that at the end of the play, by admitting their lies and dropping their masks, all the characters except Malvolio seem to have solved their problems.
From the Paper "The seeds of deception planted by Viola in the beginning of the play begin to truly bloom when Olivia's admiration of Cesario becomes a public spectacle. Sir Andrew Aguecheek, Olivia's resident courtier, becomes enraged when he witnesses a display of the lady's desperate love of Cesario. A victim of deception and self-delusion, Sir Andrew has been presented to all by Sir Toby as the brilliant, young, and extremely eligible bachelor he believes himself to be, when in reality he is a bumbling moron. Sir Andrew and Sir Toby are the only characters in the story who bear the title, "Sir," implying knighthood. They also happen to be the two most disreputable and foolish of the cast. The irony of the misnomers is a form of deception in and of itself."
Abstract This essay uses a number of well researched case studies to explore individuals who pose or represent themselves as characters other than themselves. It also discusses how those around them are wilingl to believe often ridiculous claims if it is beneficial to them. The case studies include carefully calculated deceptions, self-delusional fantasies and blatantly criminal representations driven by damaged self esteem.
From the Paper:
"The comedian Robin Williams once said, ?I?ve investigated reality, and there's really nothing to it.? While this is just another glib comment in that wild comic's repertoire, the remark certainly applies to three items used in comparison in this essay. For the cord that ties Garfinkel's Story of Agnes, Carrere's downright bizarre account of the true story of Jean-Claude Romand, Baudrillard's views on hyper-reality, and the personal ad placed by the blue-eyed blonde, all focus not just on the issue of deception itself, but on the self-perception of the individual, society's perception of the individual, and how (and to what extent) some people base their sense of reality on a fa?ade in order to placate their own egos and/or society itself."
Abstract This paper compares the concept of deception with the character of Kate in William Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew". The argument that Kate uses deception as a survival technique is used throughout the essay, concluding with how Kate sought to maintain her very freedom through presenting a "tamed" version of her true nature.
Abstract This paper discusses how deception and manipulation are two strands in Shakespeare "King Lear" that are manifested in a variety of ways in different situations and with different characters. It looks at how when one character deliberately aims to deceive or manipulate another, it is done for different purposes throughout the play. It shows how the more unfavourable characters like Goneril, Regan and Edmund are prepared to use any method they can contrive to ensure they achieve what they desire and how their shrewd usage of these techniques consistently have disastrous effects for those whose their actions are inflicted upon. In contrast, it examines how there are however, other characters like Kent, who use deception and manipulation for the gratuity of others, and those, like Edgar, who are forced to deceive and manipulate, as they appear to have no other viable option.
From the Paper "Edmund is consistently evil throughout the play, but when in the end he becomes mortally wounded he appears to undergo a transformation, in which he attempts to redeem himself "some good I mean to do despite of mine own nature". Heeding the religious context of the play, one may think that Edmund is trying to lessen the intensities of his judgement, but this, I think is unfounded, as whenever Edmund does speaks of religion he does so only to scorn at it. The only similarity between Edmund and his brother Edgar is that they are both sons of Gloucester. While Edmund may be seen as the most evil character in the play, responsible for the deaths of the princesses, the King and the maiming of his own father, Edgar may be viewed as the most favourable."
Abstract This report endeavors to present some insight into the various deceptive accounting practices that were utilized prior to the recent scandals. The focus of the paper homes in on two very recent account situations that made media headlines, namely the recent Enron debacle and the latest bankruptcy by United Airlines. It looks a how the results of both of these situations will continue to influence the way all companies in the United States, and even some international organizations, will view and present their finances to the public and other governing bodies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Arthur Anderson
Enron
United Airlines
Bankruptcy
Conclusion
From the Paper "An example of the sinister ploy Enron executives used to bilk the nation can be demonstrated by the CalPERS natural gas project of 1997. CalPERS was a company that no longer wanted to work with Enron and so they backed out of a big deal with Enron. Enron executives could not afford to lose the derivative effect CalPERS provided so Enron executives created their own entities to replace CalPERS. Enron literally made up companies that were in effect used as derivatives to reduce losses. ?Known as Chewco, it was a partnership controlled by Enron employees, including Kopper. According to the Powers report, Chewco and similar partnerships were engaged in shuffling assets to cover losses and create illusory profits."
Abstract This paper looks at how lack of trust and honesty leads Nora and Torvald Helmer down a long path to destruction. It explains that the play gives a picture of a marriage relationship that comes apart when a crisis reveals the lack of trust and the resulting deception that was present. Nora and Torvald Helmer have been married for eight years, but have filled those years playing the role of what society would have said was a happily married couple. It shows how a lack of trust and honesty has left them as strangers without a firm relationship to hold them together.
From the Paper "The crisis occurs when it is revealed that years earlier, Nora had forged her father's name to acquire a loan. The money was needed to take her husband to Italy so he could recuperate from a life threatening illness. Torvald felt that to borrow would result in "Something of freedom lost - and something of beauty, too - from a home that's founded on borrowing and debt" (1569). So, with the help of Nils Krogstad, a bank clerk, Nora had secretly taken out the loan. Now Krogstad, in retaliation for Torvald firing him from his job at the bank, threatens to make it public that the loan was obtained by forgery. This turns Nora's life to turmoil."
Abstract This paper discusses the the topic of deceptive identities in cyberspace, focusing on various related issues. This paper examines the idea of social identity or social self as central to this issue and argues that any identity that is reinforced by other people is truthful in cyberspace.
From the Paper "Changes in technology change the way in which we see societies operate. For example, in The Internet Edge Mark Stefik states, ...Vivid examples form the history of the past two Hundred years include canals, railroads, automobiles and interstate highways, aviation, the telegraph, telephones, radio, television, and communication satellites-all technologies of connection that radically improved means of transportation and communication. These technologies shrink distance and bring together people of different communities and cultures (Stefik 3). What this means is that changes in technology can have major effects on how we interact with each other and the world around us."
Abstract This paper examines how psychological research has done a great deal of work in the area of understanding. It discusses how several studies of deception and its detection have examined a number of important issues such as accuracy of deception judgements, cues that give deceivers away, cues that people think give deceivers away and whether some people are better at identifying deception. It proposes a study to examine the significance of judgemental accuracy and its correlation with behavioural aspects of indicating deception.
From the Paper "Three tests and one task were administered among 376 of Macquarie University Introductory Psychology students to determine whether, on average, individuals are poor at detecting deceit. Research also intended to indicate whether there is an association between behavioural analysis ability and accuracy of deception judgements. Each participant completed computerized emotion-comparison task, "Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test", self-report chosen to reflect ability in
social and emotional information processing and, finally, a card-playing task to assess student's ability to deceive and to detect deceit. Results indicated that students? average accuracy at detecting deception is just slightly above the chance and established that indeed there is a correlation between behavioural aspects of indicating deception and the accuracy of judgements."
Abstract One of the greatest works of the greatest playwright of all time, "King Lear" by William Shakespeare, is an unforgettably disturbing story of unbearable injustice and cruelty as well as of unseen loyalty and love. This paper shows that, most of all, it is, from beginning to end, a tale of deception, and not just any kind, but filial deception as well as fraternal deception and deception in relationships by affinity.
From the Paper "Elsewhere but simultaneously, Edmund continues to implement his own dark pursuits. He misleads his father once more into believing that Edgar tried to persuade him to murder their own father and strengthens his lie by assuring his the Duke that he did not yield to Edgar's treachery:
"But that I told him the revenging gods 'gainst parricides did all their thunders bend" (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 48-50)"
Tags: Duke, of, Gloucester, Reagan, Goneril, Edgar
Abstract The paper describes Cervantes' "Don Quixote" as a groundbreaking satire, critique and novel on the understanding of the power of deception. The paper also examines "Meditations on First Philosophy" where Descartes believes he must doubt everything that might deceive him. The paper illustrates how both writers are acutely aware of the power of deception, as humans can easily be deceived. The paper explains that despite the recognized deception in the world, Descartes and Cervantes both maintain that one thing can be known for certain and that is the existence of the self.
From the Paper "Descartes, from the very beginning of his Meditations on First Philosophy makes clear the power of deception. In the first meditation he reflects on how "we may doubt in general of all things" and further expounds on the ability for the senses to deceive (Descartes 7). This seems to hint that we cannot know things for certain; because how can we know things for certain if our senses will deceive us? To Descartes, he must doubt everything and he cannot trust his imagination, for instance. Things he thought he knew for certain must be doubted, and this hints to suggest that Descartes not only believes in the power of deception, but also that things cannot be known with certainty."
Abstract The paper outlines the background and history of advertising regulations and discusses deceptive advertising and marketing practices today. The paper attempts to illustrate how contemporary laws and ethical standards still focus too narrowly on the literal truth instead of the truthfulness of the message under the totality of its circumstances. The paper provides examples of the intentional transmission of an untruthful perception through the creative use of words that are truthful only in the most literal sense and contends that this is hardly less deceptive than lying outright to generate sales.
Outline:
Background and History of the Issue
Deceptive Advertising and Marketing Practices
Conclusion - Toward Greater Honesty in Advertising
From the Paper "Regulation of products evolved slowly and standards defining deception in advertising permitted numerous advertising campaigns and messages that are shocking in light of contemporary ethical standards and legal obligations. Subliminal messaging (which was never actually proven to work as intended) was prohibited relatively early on, but many other forms of creative advertising copy took tremendous liberties with the spirit of honesty by carefully complying with the literal truth (Howard 2005). For example, the famous Trident sugarless chewing gum commercial of the 1960s reassured TV viewers that "Four out of five dentists recommend Trident for their patients who chew gum.""
Abstract Advertising has long been associated with unreasonable claims, in fact, we have come to expect them. Advertisements quite often imply qualities about the products and people within the context of the ad that are simply impossible. Over the long-term, our culture has grown to accept advertisements as a fiction into which we are drawn for 30 seconds. During that time, the viewer suspends disbelief because of the formula at play and simply accepts the fiction that surrounds the product. In the realm of diet advertising, however, such fictions have turned out to be potentially dangerous or even deadly. Diet product and diet advertising has long made irrational claims about enormous changes in the body over impossibly short periods of time. Research shows that the level of false advertising in commercials for diets and diet products is staggeringly high. The FTC found that 55 percent of weight-loss ads make claims that lack proof or very likely are false (Eggerton, 2002). In fact, this problem has been ongoing since one of the first false-advertising in diet commercials claims was made; in 1993, the Federal Trade Commission charged that five of the nation's largest commercial diet-program companies have misled consumers by making unsubstantiated weight-loss claims and by using deceptive testimonials ("FTC Accuses Five Diet Programs of Deceptive Advertising", 1993; Cordes, 1993). It is proposed that research will demonstrate that the effect of false advertising (and thus false expectations) about diets and diet products has resulted in a greater health crisis in relation to weight than ever before.
Abstract Advertising has long been associated with unreasonable claims, in fact, we have come to expect them. Advertisements quite often imply qualities about the products and people within the context of the ad that are simply impossible. Over the long-term, our culture has grown to accept advertisements as a fiction into which we are drawn for 30 seconds. During that time, the viewer suspends disbelief because of the formula at play and simply accepts the fiction that surrounds the product. In the realm of diet advertising, however, such fictions have turned out to be potentially dangerous or even deadly. Diet product and diet advertising has long made irrational claims about enormous changes in the body over impossibly short periods of time. Research shows that the level of false advertising in commercials for diets and diet products is staggeringly high. The FTC found that 55 percent of weight-loss ads make claims that lack proof or very likely are false (Eggerton, 2002). In fact, this problem has been ongoing since one of the first false-advertising in diet commercials claims was made; in 1993, the Federal Trade Commission charged that five of the nation's largest commercial diet-program companies have misled consumers by making unsubstantiated weight-loss claims and by using deceptive testimonials ("FTC Accuses Five Diet Programs of Deceptive Advertising", 1993; Cordes, 1993). It is proposed that research will demonstrate that the effect of false advertising (and thus false expectations) about diets and diet products has resulted in a greater health crisis in relation to weight than ever before.
