Abstract This paper states that decentralized organizations are more successful at adapting to the global environment and maintaining their competitive edge than centralized organizations. The author discusses self-managed teams and boundary-less organizations. The paper relates that the management of uncertainty is part of the new decentralization paradigm. Includes an abstract.
From the Paper "The structure of organizations is an important factor in whether they can respond appropriately to challenges that arise. The traditional centralized organization has long been favored as offering standardization ..."
Tags:decentralization, centralization, self-managed teams, management of uncertainty, argumentative essay, globalization
An examination of empowering communities through decentralization and enlisting participation for capacity building for sub-national governance in developing countries.
Abstract This paper explores critically and comprehensively strategies that enhance empowerment of communites within a framework of sub-national governance through some techniques of decentralization and quality participation. Developing countries are the main units of analysis. However, the role of the International Development Community is examined and the discourse is concerned with creating a special legal, economic, social, political, geographic and fiscal space for sub-national groups that act autonomously, though in association with the state, private sector and other factors in society.
From the Paper "Since the 1970s and 1980s, the character and form of public service delivery has extended far beyond provision through central government towards the empowerment of local governments, hence, sub-national groupings involving much decentralization for empowering particularly communities. The idea has been the growing focus on not only, political and economic development, but also, and more importantly, social and human development where it has been recognized that central government alone, within the vortex of globalization cannot promote development in all respects. The United Nations Development programme (1998) has noted that decades of development assistance have countenanced the notion that economic development alone will not bring about equitable and lasting development because there was much focus on the economy, which meant an exclusion of political, social, environmental and cultural factors. As the report noted, ?"in the face of continued and devastating poverty and rapid environmental deterioration, more and more policy-makers are acknowledging that development progress must be people-centered, equitably distributed and environmentally and socially sustainable" (UNDP, ibid, 1998, p. 1). Nevertheless, the implementation, activity and even the concept of sub-national governance have been problematic and have developed a distinct set of formidable concerns. This is so, as some of the very problems found with central governments that propelled the idea and practise of decentralization and empowerment for sub-national groups, in particular communities, have again and have continually resurfaced and in some ways just as and even more troubling. Problems relate in part to information asymmetry, institutional deficiencies, and problems of targeting technical, managerial, professional and otherwise resources in addition to problems of accountability and capacity generally, as some would argue (Turner and Hulme 1997 : World Bank Report, June 2001 )."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the determination of how social control affects deviance is complicated by the variety of sociological theories on the question of deviance, and their diverse analyses of the interrelationship between society, social controls and deviance. Given this limitation, this essay critically examines how social controls affect deviance with respect to two interrelated areas: social controls on deviance in the family unit, and social controls on deviant sexual behavior. Within a structural-functional theoretical analysis, it argues that social order affects deviance in complex ways, and ultimately supports social order and can lead to social change.
Abstract In researching the subject of gun control and legislation to stop the incidence of violent crime, as well as accidental killings with a fire-arm, there exist opinions and statistics on both sides of the argument. The paper argues, however, that no matter how serious gun rights adherents are in their cries that citizens' rights are violated, gun control is necessary.
Paper Outline:
Why Gun Control is Necessary
Gun Control Laws
Kids and Guns
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "It is important to understand that the legislators of various states as well as the U.S. Congress are working on restricting the unauthorized use and sale and maintenance of arms, not to bar any from being sold and owned. When the NRA and its members (and they are not all rednecks and the types found in the movie Deliverance) refuse to understand is that restriction does not mean a total ban, only proper and legal means of keeping guns from the hands of those who cannot and will not use them properly. There is a vast moral gulf between killing a deer (however much some even consider that a sin) and mowing down clerks in a convenience store or guards at a bank or murdering a spouse."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the gun control debate in the United States of America. The writer provides a review of the studies that relate to that debate. The history of gun control as an issue in American society is discussed in this paper. The writer argues that gun control policies should not be expanded and presents both sides of the control argument.
From the Paper "Gun control has been a prominent issue in American politics since Revolutionary War. The Founding Fathers gave American citizens the right to bear arms in the Second Amendment to the Constitution. The debate over the government's ability to regulate the sale and use of guns can be most simply stated as a fundamental conflict between the rights of the citizen versus the need of the government to assure public safety. Opponents of gun control believe that any infringement of an individual's right to bear arms is unconstitutional and ... "
Tags: gun control, crime rates, history, second amendment
Abstract This paper discusses one of the most contentious issues in contemporary American life, birth control.
This paper examines birth control in America and argues that birth control is something which should be readily available to all citizens just as long as certain protocols are followed. In so doing, however, this paper also points out the arguments of those who are unconvinced that wide spread birth control is desirable. In the end, this paper's central contention is that having a child is an enormously challenging development in the lives of young people (or old people, for that matter) and it should only be undertaken if the parents (or parent) possess the maturity, the desire and the resources necessary to do the job well.
Abstract The paper explains that issues of rent control and the often toxic debates that surround it have been a social and an economic concern for several decades. Typically, rent control efforts are made at the city or municipality level and are not enacted at the state or federal level. The paper discusses how rent control and the issues related to it are nothing more than a series of laws that are intended to control what city rents average, as well as regulate how much, percentage wise, they can be increased in any given year.
From the Paper "Traditionally, New York, New Jersey and California are most commonly associated with rent controls because of those states' rapid cost of housing increases that have priced many consumers out of the housing market and forced many individuals to become career renters."
Abstract This research paper examines and analyzes the economic costs and benefits of gun control in the United States. The positions of gun control advocates and the gun lobby are compared and conclusions reached accordingly.
Abstract This paper examines the argument espoused by gun control advocates that gun control and licensing measures in the United States represent a political solution to avert the loss of lives due to handguns and firearm use. The paper suggests that these gun control advocates have long utilized an alternate reading of the Constitution's Second Amendment to argue that the Constitution itself does not permit individual firearm ownership and that therefore the right to bear arms is a misguided interpretation of the Constitution.
Abstract This paper examines components of restrictive rent control legislation and its economic and social consequences in America. This examination focuses specifically on rent control applications in New York City and the urban cities of Santa Monica and Berkeley, California. Additionally, the paper discusses how government regulations violate two of the eight basic principles of economic thinking. These basic principles are: (1) incentives matter ? choice is influenced in a predictable way by changes in economic incentives and (2) economic actions often generate secondary effects in addition to their immediate effects.
From the Paper "Rent control is one of the most controversial social welfare programs in existence. In 1943 and after World War II, the federal government enacted rent controls as a "temporary" attempt to combat housing shortages in intensive populated or urban areas and to protect residents from high housing prices. Opponents argue that rent control result in decreased levels of construction, decreased levels of maintenance on existing properties, and abnormal housing vacancies, and is therefore economically ineffective. Some opponents even feel that rent control causes homelessness. Advocates of rent control and rent stabilization see it as a way to ensure the availability of affordable rental housing for low and middle-income urban dwellers. Rent control advocates contend ? there was already a housing shortage and that rent-control laws were enacted to keep landlords from taking advantage of the situation by "gouging" tenants? (Sowell, 1999). Many rent control proponents feel that the abolishment of rent controls would result in increased homelessness. "
Abstract This paper looks at the three major arguments of gun-control advocates and disproves them one by one. The major arguments are - more guns, more crimes; possible accidental deaths and criminal access to guns.
Thesis: Despite the good intentions of gun control advocates, their means in attaining what they want are entirely misguided and misinformed.
Table of Contents
Accidental Death
Child killed by ownership of firearm
Suicide in relation to ownership of firearms
More Guns More Crime
Gun ownership as a crime prevention
Gun ownership for self-defense is most common
Gun ownership as a deterrent to tyranny
Criminal Acquisitions of Guns
Limiting the attainability legally of guns only limits law-abiding citizens
Criminals acquire guns on black market
Brady Laws do nothing to deter criminal misuse
From the Paper "Gun Control has been a center issue in American Politics for quite some time. Advocates of Gun Control often state the hazards of owning guns and their constant use in criminal activity. The ultimate solution for these people is to completely eliminate the right of an individual to own a gun. On the other hand, the Anti-Gun Control advocates state that people are responsible for their own actions and that the existence of the gun is not what causes crime, or accidental death. So despite the good intentions of Gun Control advocates, their means in attaining what they want are entirely misguided and misinformed."
Abstract A paper which examines and discusses all factors relating to gun control in America. The writer focuses on the issue of gun control as it pertains to the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan.
From the Paper "The theory behind gun control is an honest one. Advocates of gun control believe that if the nation takes the guns away then crimes of violence will stop. This would be true of crimes of violence were only being committed against law abiding citizens(McCaffery, 2001). As the gun control laws begin to be implanted in carious states there are other states that are taking the opposite approach to the trouble. They believe that to arm their residents is to send a message to those who are potentially violent that it would not be a good idea in that state."
Abstract This paper surveys arguments made in favor of and against gun control in the United States. It discusses the second amendment argument made by gun rights advocates. The author also explores the impact of gun control laws on violence.
From the Paper "The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that a well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Today many people argue that ..."
Abstract This paper addresses the question as to why the federal and state regulatory regime on guns remains so weak even though most American consistently and decisively support stronger national gun control laws. The paper considers the question in the context of single-issue voters and the historical background of the Second Amendment.
Abstract The paper addresses the failing and financially disastrous gun control legislation and act that has been present in Canada for the past decade. The writer focuses on three failed aspects of this legislation: that it is financially over-budget; that it is targeting the wrong individuals; and that it has not been understood or embraced by either federal or provincial governments and leadership. The writer further argues that a different system must be studied and implemented for Canada to have the proper gun control that it long has boasted.
From the Paper "In its attempt to control guns, mirroring attempts in much the same way as its neighbor to the south, Canada has largely failed. While there has long been a history of support for stricter gun control in Canada than in the United States, such efforts have usually proven successful, or at least not as outrageous as recent developments. And while these recent actions and plans have affected crime and violence in a somewhat successful manner, the reason that they have failed is threefold. The current system of gun control can be considered inadequate and appalling because it has been a financial disaster, it has regularly targeted the wrong individuals with its restrictions, and it has been enacted without the full knowledge and/or cooperation of both the national government and the provincial governments."
