Abstract
The paper examines the factors in Shakespeare's play "Othello" which made it possible for Iago to make Othello believe that Desdemona had been unfaithful to him. It looks at how the jealous Iago took advantage of Othello's naivete, lack of perception and vanity and Desdemona's overtrusting nature. The paper also looks at how Emilia's loyalty and Cassio's concern about what other people think helps Iago to deceive Othello.

From the Paper
"In fact, Othello's naivete about the nature of love leaves him very vulnerable to Iago's manipulation. From his statements and the descriptions given by the other characters in the play, it is clear that Othello is not romantically experienced. He seems to believe that love has some type of supernatural power, as evidenced by his telling Desdemona, "Perdition catch my soul/ But I do love thee! And when I love the not,/ Chaos is come again" (Othello, III.iii, 90-92). Othello seems to have the genuine belief that Desdemona's love is what is keeping him from descending into chaos. It is almost as if Othello, weary of the life of a soldier, found Desdemona's love to be the thing saving him from himself, and he simply cannot contemplate life without her. In fact, when confronted with Iago's evidence that Desdemona has been unfaithful, Othello does not act as a jealous man would."

Tags:literature, play, trickery, lies, characters

Abstract
The paper highlights a news topic on Katie Holmes that discussed how fantastic she was, in order to determine the motivations behind this report. The paper then looks at the work of Neil Postman and Steve Powers entitled "How to Watch TV News" that highlights the lack of objectivity in a press release, since the company has a profit motive in mind. The paper shows that to discern the the true meaning and motivation behind the news, one has to consider the reasoning behind the news and the language chosen in its expression.

Outline:
Introduction
Discerning the Meaning of the News
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Neil Postman and Steve Powers in their book How to Watch TV News, a number of principles are presented which the authors advance are "an essential part of the analytical equipment a viewer must bring to any encounter with a news show" (Postman; Powers, p. 98). News must not simply be accepted as stated fact without any consideration, as the news is not entirely innocent of its own agenda. The stories presented on news programs are done so to ensure that the viewers see that which the news network, or its parent company, desires. The motivation behind this is not necessarily to provide the people with the best possible news program available, as these organizations are for-profit corporations, not philanthropic non-profits like WGBH or PBS."

Tags:objectivity, interest, reporting

Abstract
The "dream argument" may have been a truly-lived expression of doubtfulness during Descartes's era. This paper notes why Descartes and his contemporaries may have been truly puzzled, given the state of scientific understanding at that time. Today, one cannot even get to the point in which proving or refuting Descartes's dream argument would make any sense. One cannot simply lift the dream argument out of those circumstances and transplant it to our times. The paper shows that what may be appropriate is to look at computer technology today and ask whether computers can think, dream, and be deceived by their dreams.

From the Paper
"One can first begin with the question of whether computers can really play chess. Over thirty years ago it would have been very apparent that chess game software (and the corresponding hardware) had a challenging time competing with someone who was a decent chess player. When the question was asked over thirty years ago, it was possible to answer the question in the negative by way of showing the essential differences between how a human makes a move in chess versus how a computer performs the same operation."

Tags:dreyfus, outside, world, technology

Abstract
This paper takes the position that Descartes does not create a vicious circle when he argues that a non-deceiving God exists and that clear and distinct perceptions are true because of this existence. To prove this argument, the writer examines Descartes' third meditation. The paper concludes that, by controlling the will and remembering a previous clear and distinct perception of God, Descartes theory of perception avoids the vicious circle of perceiving God to recognize a corporeal object. Thus, Descartes proves anything in his meditations that everything except God can be fallible.

From the Paper
"In this argument, Descartes disproves the skeptics' claim that minds can perceive corporeal objects as independently existing for the simple reason that minds perceive themselves as existing independently. Descartes explains that thinking substances, namely minds, cannot clearly and distinctly perceive extended substances and matter, for the simple reason that mind and matter are two categorically different substances that do not share properties. The mind is res cogito, a thing with the property of thought, and matter is res extensa, a thing with the properties of extension, shape, position, and motion."

Tags:counter-argument, mind, proof, perception, telescope

Abstract
Othello is a noble man who is deceived, as well as outwitted, by Iago, who immorally uses his wit in order to do so. This paper shows by which methods Iago was able to succeed in bringing about the downfall of Othello.

From the Paper
"English literature has seen many great writers throughout its? time. However, one as great as William Shakespeare has not been seen. Amongst the many great plays of Shakespeare's time, Othello has captured the hearts of many. In this play, the main character, Othello, is outwitted by the villan, Iago, who is very jealous and deceiving. He represents a vague image of a puppet master. Iago's role-playing with the different characters gives him the power to control his victims' fates. He is filled with so much jealousy and hatred through which he destroys everyone. Othello, on the other hand, is a tragic hero with both greatness and weakness. An honest, loyal, true and honorable man, Othello is destroyed during the course of this Shakespearean drama."

Tags:tragic, hero

Abstract
In this study, the writer examines the theme of deception in the Wingfield family in 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams. By analyzing the roles of Laura, Tom, and Amanda the writer notes that the crucial elements of self-deception can be realized within Williams' text. The writer points out that by critically analyzing how these characters deceive themselves, we can see that they also have a damaging impact on the very people they are trying to hide from within the play's storyline. In essence, the the writer maintains that the fantasy escapism of Laura, the sexist attitudes of Tom, and the materialism of Amanda are three aspects of deception that occur within 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams.

From the Paper
"In this vital narrative, it is Laura that is deceiving herself through an obsession within unreal or fantasy objects in her glass collection. Self deception in this case is by far more damaging to the spirit, since Laura is incapable to finding a relationship with anyone else but her glass objects. This perspective comes in the realization that she cannot escape the insular world she has created, and in unable to reach outside of her fantasy world. This is the mot damaging aspect of this character's self-deception, as it denies her any type of relationship with real people."

Tags:characters, deceive, perspective, relationship

Abstract
The paper explains that, in his first and second meditations, Descartes began to doubt everything from what he saw to what he touched, believing God was not a god at all but a demon whose sole purpose was to deceive him. The author points out that, in the beginning, Descartes says that just because a person originally sees something that looks familiar, it is automatically associated with another mental image he or she has stored away in your memory. The paper concludes that, at the end of the second meditation, Descartes is certain that physical objects are grasped by understanding alone, not senses or mental images.

From the Paper
"He begins to focus on physical objects, saying that although they can be altered, they still remain the same original object. Using wax as an example, he places it in front of the fire. This leads the wax changing its smell of flowers from where it was gathered, taste, shape, and color, and it becomes difficult to touch due to its heat. Before it was placed by the fire, it was cold, hard, and easy to touch. Descartes is certain that it is the same piece of wax, for he observed the change. Although it is different in every aspect of his senses, it is still the same piece of wax."

Tags:deceive, memory, physical, understanding, vulnerable

Abstract
This paper compares an extract of "Jane Eyre" taken from chapter 16 and one from "Wide Sargasso Sea" from part 3. The extracts are chosen because they feature elements of self deception predominantly, but also because of the elements of feminism, post-modernism, generic conventions of the gothic/bildungsroman and many other literary devices and figurative language examples. The paper attempts to show that in both extracts, the theme of self-deception is key, although they differ within the context in the reasons the characters deceive themselves, and in the way they deceive themselves.

From the Paper
"In Wide Sargasso Sea Antoinette too attempts to reflect herself. Though Antoinette reflects with what she used to be, rather than other people. This may show her struggle to join her English and Caribbean identities: "Long ago when I was a child and very lonely I tried to kiss her. But the glass was between us -- hard, cold and misted over my breath." Her reflection shows one identity and her attempt to kiss it symbolises Antoinette trying to unite them. However, the mirror is a motif of the "Wide Sargasso Sea" metaphor that separates Antoinette's two identities and heritages. Self deception may be used by Rhys in order to establish the loss of her Caribbean identity. This interpretation is reinforced through Mr. Rochester replacing her name to bertha. To Antoinette, names are a very significant part of a person's identity "Her name oughtn't to be Grace. "

Tags:Blanche, Ingram, Antoinette

Abstract
This paper discusses how deception and manipulation are two strands in Shakespeare "King Lear" that are manifested in a variety of ways in different situations and with different characters. It looks at how when one character deliberately aims to deceive or manipulate another, it is done for different purposes throughout the play. It shows how the more unfavorable characters like Goneril, Regan and Edmund are prepared to use any method they can contrive to ensure they achieve what they desire and how their shrewd usage of these techniques consistently have disastrous effects for those whose their actions are inflicted upon. In contrast, it examines how there are however, other characters like Kent, who use deception and manipulation for the gratuity of others, and those, like Edgar, who are forced to deceive and manipulate, as they appear to have no other viable option.

From the Paper
"Edmund is consistently evil throughout the play, but when in the end he becomes mortally wounded he appears to undergo a transformation, in which he attempts to redeem himself "some good I mean to do despite of mine own nature." Heeding the religious context of the play, one may think that Edmund is trying to lessen the intensities of his judgment, but this, I think is unfounded, as whenever Edmund does speaks of religion he does so only to scorn at it. The only similarity between Edmund and his brother Edgar is that they are both sons of Gloucester. While Edmund may be seen as the most evil character in the play, responsible for the deaths of the princesses, the King and the maiming of his own father, Edgar may be viewed as the most favorable."

Tags:edgar, kent, goneril, regan, edmund

Abstract
Ethics of advertising intends to ensure that advertisers and consumers co-exist without being harmed by the messages of advertisements. Ethical advertising provides as much truth as possible without undermining the autonomy of consumers to reflect critically upon their desires and interests. Unethical advertising, by contrast, deceives consumers by concealing significant facts about a product or service being advertised. Legal framework ensures that advertisers do not deceive consumers by conveying deceptive messages. Legal actions against unethical messages, however, are corrective rather than punitive.