Abstract
Paper explains Carter's policy option of 1978 in building up intelligence/presence in Pakistan that induced Soviet decision to invade Afghanistan, as an important but little realised aspect of a war that helped to dissolve the USSR. In Dec of 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan towards an impossible war of high casualties and low morale; Pakistan ISI role carried by Reagan administration 1981-; impact of the war, 1979-1992 - Taliban, remarks on present conflict with several questions on what the future should hold; ref to documents now unclassified; first hand accounts; scholarly materials and pointing out how educated culture has summarized the Carter era incorrectly.

From the Paper
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan of 1978 -1979. Introduction The Soviet Union's 40^th Army was prepared to invade Afghanistan in August of 1978, in support of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) Marxist government, a step towards hostilities ending in the May 1988 Soviet withdrawal, the last forces leaving Afghanistan on February 15, 1989. The invasion of December 24 1979 had occurred swiftly with the Soviet forces arriving on two main land routes and a massive air corridor (q.v.). As this paper explains, Moscow's decision to enter Afghanistan was triggered by U.S. activities in Pakistan in supporting anti-Marxists of

Tags:afghanistan, 1978 policy, carter

Abstract
The paper uses four articles, ("Thousands flee Assam tribal feud", S. Bhaumik,"Cataloguing US abuses" BBC News, Dec 2004, "Suicide bombers held in Bosnia", N. Hawton and "Suicide Bombers", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomb) to demonstrate the need for more cross cultural understanding and training. The paper discusses cultural interpretations and motivations among inter and intra cultural groups and explains the origins of many cultural difficulties between these groups. The paper explains how cultural conflicts and misunderstandings commonly occur within homogeneous populations and among people of varying cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The paper concludes by suggesting that more communication and collaboration can improve the inter and intra-cultural differences and problems and offers suggestions on how this can be achieved.

From the Paper
"Cross cultural conflict often occurs when members of varying cultures share different beliefs, values and understandings of events, issues or proper ways of behaving. It is vital that cultural differences be examined to help members of society develop better methods for addressing cultural conflicts. A better understanding of cross cultural differences may enable more communication and collaboration and less violence.
"Cross cultural events often result in violence when people of varying cultures are not able to come to agreement regarding the appropriate course of action to follow in a given situation. Below we'll discuss cultural interpretations and motivations among inter and intra cultural groups and explain the origins of many cultural difficulties between these groups."

Tags:suicide, bombers, terrorism, hamas, abu, ghraib, karbi, dimasa, assamic, intracultural, palestine

Abstract
This paper examines how there is a revolution and evolution taking place in the way war can be fought and shows how technology in the information age is being used to fight wars through new and developing means. It shows how both the English and American governments take the threat seriously and have organised departments and agencies, which investigate reports of cyber terrorism. It also talks about information warfare in general and in the Middle East.

Outline
Introduction
Chapter One: Literature Review
Information Society and the New Forms of War
Definitions of Information Warfare
The Future of Modern Warfare
Chapter Two: Research Question
Why and How is Information Warfare Being Used in the Middle East?Chapter Three: Methodology and Methods
Chapter Four: DATA
Tools Used
Hackers Broke into Hezbollah Sites Placing Israel Flags
Palestinian Hackers Took Out Netvision an ISP
Israeli Supporters and Attacks
Palestinian Supporters and Attacks
166 Israeli Sites and 34 Palestinian Attacked by Dec 2000
Palestinians Sent To and Sent Offensive Images
First Worm / Virus Used by the Palestinians
Analysis of Main Types of Attacks
Chapter Five: Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Amongst the various different methods they tried to use, they used the Internet to publicise their plight of governmental oppression, and mistreatment, to enlist the international sanctions applied to the Mexican Government. The government relented into giving the indigenous people back their lands and allowing them to form back into the tribes that they wanted to go to. They used the Internet in a positive manner and gained international support. Where as the Israeli and Palestinian factions that use the Internet have now used "Hacktivism" to attack websites and each other via the use of website graffiti, denial of service attacks and propaganda websites in a cyber-war."

Tags:bombs, computer, dos, graffiti, hacking, horses, identity, virus

Abstract
On Dec. 16, 1944, a strong German force broke the American front in the Belgian Ardennes sector. The paper looks tactically at this battle, which takes its name from the huge indentation the Germans made in the American lines before being propelled back in six weeks of desperate fighting. The writer looks at the impact this battle had on the final outcome of the war.

From the Paper
"Having made the decision, Hitler and his inner council decided several things. One, it should be made through the Ardennes. Two, the initial object would be the seizure of bridgeheads over the Meuse River between Liege and Namur. Three, Antwerp would be the ultimate objective (Cole 19). Many people think that Hitler was unstable by this time in the war. He would not listen to his advising commanders. An assassination attempt had been made on his life and this caused him to trust almost no one. Hitler's plan to retake Antwerp was irrational in that the German's would have no air support and the supplies that they would need were lacking. Also what Hitler expected to result from retaking Antwerp was irrational. The bond between the Allied powers might not have been strong, but they were definitely unified in one goal-destroying the German regime (Sargent)."

Tags:war, front, lines, supplies, Allies, force

Abstract
The author looks at several sociological and environmental factors that can be associated with the rise in juvenile violence, whose roots can be traced back to the early 1980s. The author looks that the rise in the numbers of juvenile crimes, the sociological factors that specifically affect juvenile crime, and lastly, examines specific environmental factors that appear to be affecting juvenile crime. The paper looks at this rising trend, that began with changes that the country underwent at the turn of the twentieth century, and the adverse affects they had on the family structure.

From the Paper
"In his popular 1997 book entitled "Kid's Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood," author Gary Cross states that, over the course of the twentieth century, American parents "increasingly lost control over and even understanding of the play of their children" (p. 149). The children's entertainment industry developed alongside an advancing technology, and basic toys and games became increasingly complicated and complex as well as increasingly foreign to parental understanding with each passing decade. By the time that the Electronic and Information Age had fully exploded in the 1990s, most parents had fallen so far behind the technological times that effective censorship of the films that their children viewed and the games that their children played had become, in effect, virtually impossible. In the face of a rapidly changing technology, many modern parents simply stopped trying to monitor their children's entertainment activities. With this decrease in parental notice and attention came an increase in violent and criminal content, an exchange that ultimately resulting in an electronic atmosphere and environment that graphically glorifies violence and worships the virtual gods of death and destruction."

Tags:sociologist, violence, crime, morals, youth, littleton, society, century, social, economic, change, transition, working, mothers, brutal, juvenile, weapons, diabilities, learning, groups, peer, relationships, networking, parenting, aggression, rejection, columbine, high, dec