Abstract
This paper explains that, at the Henry Horner homes, children are not looking to come over and play with the latest Matchbox cars because many of the children are already being lured by gangs and getting used by older kids in drug activities; friends are people you could trust, but at Henry Horner, Lafeyette, the child character in the book, didn't feel that he could trust anyone besides his family. The author points out that, to the kids of Henry Horner, the police become a threat because, even if they aren't doing something bad, they are constantly surrounded by bad things; therefore, if they are in the wrong place at the wrong time, they are immediately accused of doing something. The paper relates that children at Henry Horner are desensitized to experiences such as violence, gang drug exchanges, and death; the children and the residents there have to put their emotions away and become stone on the inside.

From the Paper
"In an area where the summertime is feared and school is a safe-haven, where it is dangerous to make friends as they might try to lure you into a gang, where drug lords run your neighborhood enforcing rules like a dictatorship with the manpower to back it up, you are stripped of your freedom. Sitting in public with a little kid can be embarrassing sometimes. "Mommy, that woman is fat!" or "Daddy, why is that man crying?" are questions that children will ask loud and clear without hesitation. They don't realize that other people can hear them or that other people have feelings that might be hurt. They are egocentric. However, for a child living in the Henry Horner homes where LaJoe and her children live, a comment like this can become life threatening."

Tags:play, fear, police, freedom, emotions

Abstract
This paper examines the problems children face upon the loss of a parent due to divorce or death. The paper provides a literature review which includes long-term studies on the effects of divorce on children. The paper further explains that these effects may include school problems, or more serious issues such as dropping out, drug use and crime. The author cites research that supports the view that the trauma of divorce for children is in some ways more complex and has wider developmental and psychological ramifications than the experience of death. Both death and divorce are extreme experiences in a child's life and both can have a wide range of native psychological and developmental repercussions.

From the Paper
"The possible long-term impact of divorce can be seen in recent figures which show that children from broken homes are often more prone to drug addiction and the dependency on chemicals. A study by the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta states that, "... 75% of children/adolescents in chemical dependency hospitals are from single-parent families." (A Generation At Risk) The reason for chemical dependency among children from divorced homes can also be linked to the development of behavioral problems that can result for the effect of the loss of a parent. As a finding for the National Center for Health Statistics states: "1 out of 5 children have a learning, emotional, or behavioral problem due to the family system changing." (A Generation At Risk) "

Tags:parental, loss, divorce, death, children

Abstract
This paper discusses how the death of a parent can be a wrenching experience for the children left to grieve, though the degree of psychological turmoil may depend on a number of factors such as the age of both parent and children, the circumstances of the death, the structure of the family and so on. It examines how the type of death involved can make a difference in terms of how long it takes the survivors to come to terms with that loss. It shows how the response of adolescents to the death of a parent involves a complex interaction of feelings, thoughts and behaviors and how research shows that social support is one of the most crucial requirements for helping individuals come to grips with the grief process. It also looks at how the death of a spouse results in grief, depression, tension, anxiety, confusion and a severe sense of loss. It discusses how most of the feelings experienced by death do decrease over time with varying courses of treatment by the end of a bereavement period.

From the Paper
"Before any person can begin to recover from the grief associated with a sudden and serious loss, he or she must acknowledge that a problem exists. Most people, after someone really close to them dies, believe that no one understands the pain they are experiencing. In a recent book written by one of the co-founders of the Grief Recovery Institute, the author mentions that the length and intensity of the relationship with the deceased determines the amount of pain the survivor will suffer (James, 1986, 18). That book recommends that people experiencing grief find "a fellow griever so you can learn and recover together" (James, 1986, 19). The author says that many people are able to grieve with fellow family members who are experiencing the same loss. That book suggests that people recover quicker and more fully when they are able to be around other individuals who are also suffering traumatic losses. Some sort of human support is important during a survivor's period of grief."

Tags:bereavement, children, depression, survivors, grief

Abstract
This paper studies the particularly difficult social plight of children in Brazil. As the author explains, there are fifty five million children under the age of sixteen in the country, of whom as many as twelve million are homeless, living on the streets and/or working in child labor, including in extremely abusive situations. The paper provides a detailed assessment of the various problems (as shown in the below outline) and then discusses solutions to them, both governmental and non-governmental. The paper concludes with a number of case studies about non-profit organizations that have endeavored to change the situation for Brazil's children.
Introduction to Brazil
Introduction to Societal Problems Involving the Children of Brazil
Homelessness
Death Squads
Child Labor
Child Prostitution
Sexual Abuse from Working as Domestic Servants
Why the Children Work
Solutions
Solutions Regarding the Death Squad Killings
Governmental Assistance
Law and Enforcement
Education Initiatives by the Government
Children Working and Attending School at the Same Time
Specific Targeted Programs
Assistance from Various Organizations
Happy Family
Amizade
Goat-to-School Program
Eliminating Child Labor in the Shoe Industry
Hope for the Future

From the Paper
"Surprisingly, for its rather quiet history, and in spite of its rapid industrialization and economic growth, Brazil has some very serious social problems today. Cities are polluted and crime is rampant. The gap between the rich and poor continues to grow. The gap, in fact, is among the most substantial in the world (1999 Country Reports). As the United States Department of State noted, in 1995, the richest twenty percent of the Brazilian population received 63 percent of the nation's income, and the poorest fifty percent of the nation accounted for only twelve percent of the nation's income. The widening gap between rich and poor also may be seen in the availability (or lack thereof) of food, education, medical care, and services such as water supply, sewerage, electricity, and other basic needs required for daily living (1999 Country Reports)."

Tags:Homelessness, Death, Squads, Child, Labor, Prostitution, Sexual, Abuse, Domestic, Servants, Work, Governmental, Assistance, Education, Initiatives, Happy, Family, Amizade, Goat-to-School

Abstract
Summary: Children's literature can be useful in aiding children in this aspect of their growth. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the representation of death, and the fear of death, plays a prominent role in terms of character, plot and setting. The character of Harry Potter is defined, from the outset of the book, by the death of his parents.

Tags:mature, children's literature

Abstract
The paper analyzes the themes of death and silence through the language that arises within "The Turn of the Screw" by Henry James. The paper discusses how the lack of sound in the novel describes the isolation and fear of the governess, as she is clearly incapable of protecting the children from the phantom ghosts that she meets at various intervals throughout the story. The paper shows how this "language of silence" builds upon the theme of death, since it articulates the governess as a person that harbors her own sexual fears that she imposes on the children and Mrs. Grose.

Tags:james, screw, death

Abstract
The paper discusses the effects of secondhand smoke on children, that include asthma, a variety of other respiratory illnesses as well as a tendency for those children to become smokers themselves, thereby developing a lifetime of health problems. The paper also relates that babies exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The paper concludes, however, that through increased science-based education and outreach, the risks associated with secondhand smoke exposure and children may be significantly reduced.

Outline:
Second-Hand Smoke and Respiratory Disease
A Lifetime of Health Problems

From the Paper
"The public debate over the health effects of smoking is barely half a century old, and the discussion initially focused on smoking as a one-victim crime. Even as science began to uncover links between smoking and cancer, respiratory diseases and other ailments, the prevailing wisdom was that smokers were only harming themselves. Science began to emerge in the 1970s demonstrating that people exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke could develop health problems, such as asthma and sinusitis, and in 1977 Berkeley, California became the first city in the nation to ban smoking in public places, such as bars and restaurants (Murphy, 2006). The dam really broke in 1986, when the U.S. Surgeon General released a report claiming that secondhand smoke was a serious health risk to non-smokers, and children in particular, leading to restrictions in hundreds more communities throughout America (Murphy, 2006)."

Tags:asthma, respiratory, illness, lungs, sudden, infant, death, syndrome

Abstract
This paper examines the international history of the death penalty and then takes a closer look at the use of the death penalty in the United States. The paper highlights the fact that in most countries, gender and age discrimination are not a factor with regards to the death penalty. The writer points out that there are juveniles on death row. The writer also looks at different religions and their opinion on the death penalty. The writer concludes that until the law changes, law enforcement and prosecutors should continue to advocate the death penalty in cases of murder and crimes involving children. The writer also believes that the death penalty is the only punishment that sends the message to criminals that murder and other acts of violence and crimes are absolutely unacceptable.

From the Paper
"There are crimes considered by our society to be so atrocious and intolerable such as murder or rape of a child that if convicted, that the only punishment suitable for committing these crimes is the Death Penalty. The Death Penalty, also called Capital Punishment, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as reprisal for crimes known as capital crimes or offenses. This type of punishment is set aside for crimes like premeditated murder, espionage and treason. From the primitive people to the modern world as it is today, the death penalty remains the largest and most controversial part of the criminal justice system. Supporters of capital punishment argue that it deters crimes, while opponents of capital punishment argue that it violates human rights. As we explore this much debated topic, we will discover the past, present and future of death penalty."

Tags:execution, death, row, legal, murder, religion, lethal, injection

Abstract
This paper examines the moral as well as legal issues regarding the sentencing of a minor to death for crimes. It argues how the sentencing of minor to the death penalty is wrong because it undermines the rehabilitation system that is currently in place throughout the United States. It stipulates how all citizens of the world, especially children deserve a chance to turn their lives around rather than have them cut short by a no turning back death sentence and how there are many reason why capital punishment for minors should be re-examined, from the costs of execution to the simple fact that a person does not develop fully until later in his or her teenage years. It looks at some of the underlying factors that cause juvenile crime and the debate of the effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent versus the cost of capital punishment. It evaluates other ways to deal with young offenders such as the different probation programs available.

From the Paper
"It is hard to comprehend the effects of the death penalty on a country, especially on as large as the United States but the reality of the situation is alarming. The facts are that as of 1996 over fifty percent of the prisoners on death row have the educational equivalency of an eleventh grader. This means that fifty percent of inmates on death row have had little or no chance to progress in their home, community, city, state, and country. These death row inmates have no chance to change, learn, or make anything of their lives. They have been sent away to rot in a cell while they awaits their execution and while their minds lay dormant. There have been several cases where minors have been sentenced to death. The Supreme Court has wrestled with this dilemma for a while and found that there are no clear objections from any region of the United States to executing a person as young as sixteen."

Tags:death, delinquency, execution, capital, punishment

Abstract
This paper is an argument in favor of the death penalty. The author uses several examples to support his position, including the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1991. The author looks at how, since colonial times, it has become progressively more difficult to be sentenced to death. The author also presents evidence that the death penalty does serve as a deterrent for some criminals. The author also states that especially since September 11 there has been a change in many people's feelings about capital punishment, and this evolution needs to be acknowledged when deciding when to apply the death penalty.

From the Paper
"Once upon a time the things for which you could be sentenced to death were not so heinous. For example, in colonial America, "offenses such as striking one's mother or father, or denying the "true God," were punishable by death." However, that is no longer the case. Surely if we had such small crimes, no one in this modern age would care. But today we have "More executions now per year than in any single year between 1600 and 1880." Why? Because today there are more criminals that deserve to die. There is no state today where deny God can get you executed. The only capital crimes in America are murder along with (in various states) kidnapping, narcotics conspiracies, and treason. Despite the fact that we have more executions now than ever before, there is still a decrease in real punishment. "Indeed, a calculating criminal might look at the extreme rarity of the death penalty and thereby be encouraged in his murderous course." While we executed criminals every year, there are thousands more we fail to execute, and thousands more that spend the entirety of their natural lives on death row appealing their fates. This is not right."

Tags:reform, september, boming, wtc, oklahoma, terrorists, criminal, justice, proceedings, legal, children, colonial, america, deterrent, kill, families