Abstract
This paper explains how younger and older children react to and conceptualize death and why.

Abstract
The writer demonstrates how Africa's culture in general denies death and denies children a healthy expression of grief. The writer relates that children internalize signs of grief such as depression and withdrawal, or they externalize grief as anger, aggression or behaviors that are not socially condoned. The writer describes how his/her own childhood was impacted with cultural attitudes that produced a lasting effect on his/her view of death and ability to grieve. The writer concludes that on both a personal level and a wider scale, the emotional issues related to loss need to be addressed.

From the Paper
"Africa is comprised of many regions with different racial and religious groups as well as various issues related to death and grief. In general, however, the cultural norms and socialization agents tend to be the same. Death, especially as it affects children, is denied, and before adolescence children are not allowed to have any association with funerals or other rituals. Meanwhile, Africa has one of the highest death rates in the world. Certain people on that continent see the reality of death for what it is, where death is linked to global inequality. For the most part, death is perceived in terms of superstition."

Tags:funerals, grief, youth, loss, denial, frustration, expression, AIDS

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of three children's books that aim to help children cope with loss and/or the death of a loved one or friend in their lives. The lessons of each book, its intended target audience, and the concerns of its author are addressed. The works are: Howard Kaplan's "Waiting to Sing", Constance C. Greene's "Beat the Turtle Drum" and Alvin R. Tresselt's "The Dead Tree".

From the Paper
"Part of child development or growing up includes the gradual awareness and acceptance of the fact of death. Children's literature that deals with themes of death or loss is typically known as realistic literature, though different works are geared toward developmentally-appropriate age groups and their understanding of death. This analysis will explore the treatment of death in three books written for children that provide a different perspective on the concept, appropriate for different ages. Alvin R. Tresselt's "The Dead Tree', Howard Kaplan's "Waiting to Sing"..."

Tags:child development, grief, mourning, family, siblings, guilt, fear, circle of life, nature, anger

Abstract
The paper analyzes the themes of death and silence through the language that arises within "The Turn of the Screw" by Henry James. The paper discusses how the lack of sound in the novel describes the isolation and fear of the governess, as she is clearly incapable of protecting the children from the phantom ghosts that she meets at various intervals throughout the story. The paper shows how this "language of silence" builds upon the theme of death, since it articulates the governess as a person that harbors her own sexual fears that she imposes on the children and Mrs. Grose.

Tags:james, screw, death

Abstract
The paper discusses the effects of secondhand smoke on children, that include asthma, a variety of other respiratory illnesses as well as a tendency for those children to become smokers themselves, thereby developing a lifetime of health problems. The paper also relates that babies exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The paper concludes, however, that through increased science-based education and outreach, the risks associated with secondhand smoke exposure and children may be significantly reduced.

Outline:
Second-Hand Smoke and Respiratory Disease
A Lifetime of Health Problems

From the Paper
"The public debate over the health effects of smoking is barely half a century old, and the discussion initially focused on smoking as a one-victim crime. Even as science began to uncover links between smoking and cancer, respiratory diseases and other ailments, the prevailing wisdom was that smokers were only harming themselves. Science began to emerge in the 1970s demonstrating that people exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke could develop health problems, such as asthma and sinusitis, and in 1977 Berkeley, California became the first city in the nation to ban smoking in public places, such as bars and restaurants (Murphy, 2006). The dam really broke in 1986, when the U.S. Surgeon General released a report claiming that secondhand smoke was a serious health risk to non-smokers, and children in particular, leading to restrictions in hundreds more communities throughout America (Murphy, 2006)."

Tags:asthma, respiratory, illness, lungs, sudden, infant, death, syndrome

Abstract
This paper explains that the idea of death and dying is abhorrent; yet, in the case of the author's father, his dying and death was a process of renewal for him, for the author, for the author's mother, and siblings and members of the vast family of seventeen children into which his father was born. The author points out that he does fear death, not the actual act of dying, but knowing of the incompleteness it brings. The paper explains that Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's formalism on the stages in death and dying helped him to put his grief in a better context and to categorize his feelings.

Table of Content
Introduction
Individual Coping Strategies
Differential Treatment from Others
The Will to Live

From the Paper
"The concepts of heaven and hell have evolved over time. This extends for all major religions. Practitioners are admonished to seek good over evil for fear that they might face the fires of hell in the scary and graphic detail elaborately laid out by Dante in the "Inferno." It is not the hell fire and brimstone of the time of the awakening as Christian dogma evolved in the United States. Even the pope has spoken about heaven and hell actually being experienced here on earth, through how a person conducts his or her life. Going back to the differences between eastern and western thought of dying can be summed up in the concepts of Sogyal Rinpoche. In his "Tibetan Book of Living and Dying" he puts forth the idea that Tibetans believe that the best way to live ones life to the fullest is to spend every waking moment of it preparing to die. Such a morbid fascination with death would have no place in the western thought. And yet there is some truth to it."

Tags:renewal, process, family, incompleteness, stages

Abstract
The paper shows that the death of a parent or sibling can be a wrenching experience for the child left to grieve. Children do not understand the concept of death, and having to face death and its consequences at an early age can lead to considerable psychological turmoil, which in turn may depend on a number of factors such as the age of both parent and child, the closeness of the sibling, the circumstances of the death, the structure of the family and so on. The paper examines literature on the subject and explains different stages of bereavement, the effect of death on different age groups and possible therapy solutions.

From the Paper
"Harrington & Harrison (1999) note that many of the current assumptions about the impact of bereavement on children are unproven. Existing data does suggest that childhood bereavement is not a major risk factor for mental and behavioral disorder in either childhood or adult life, and some studies indicate that most children cope surprisingly well with this severe form of trauma. This means that in most cases, interventions by professionals will not be required, and in any case, we do not yet know whether these interventions are effective. However, some children and their families will require help. Children with mental or behavioral disorders may well benefit from interventions, and there may also be a case for intervening with some children who are at high risk of psychological disorder but who are currently healthy."

Tags:secondary, loss, Hallucination, grieving

Abstract
The paper analyzes how the lack of sound in James' novel "The Turn of the Screw" represents the fear of death that accumulates in the ghostly images. The paper shows how these images represent the governess' struggle with silence and her inability to maintain control over the children and the household.

From the Paper
"The theme of death in The Turn of the Screw arises through the construct of the silent interaction between the dead and the living. When the governess is placed in charge of Miles and Flora, there is markedly silent aspect of communication that arises during her care of the children. The first representation of silence arises when the governess sees Peter Quint's ghost. He is extremely pale and becomes the first major aspect of James' language that defines death as a threat to the governess's duty to protect the children from intruders."

Tags:sound, ghosts, governess

Abstract
This paper will discuss how death and violence play a part in the book "The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe" by C. S. Lewis. By understanding some of the main characters, such as Lucy and her other family members in the story, we can see how death and violence seem to take a fantastical turn. Death and violence seem to play a part in the tale, but the way that Lewis portrays this, in a fantastical spectrum, will unearth his sense of dulling the harshness of reality. By understanding this perspective on death and violence within this story, we can see how the author makes this apparent by writing for children.

Abstract
This paper contends that the religiously-based denial of providing medical care to minors that results in their injury or death should be criminalized to the fullest extend of the law. It argues that those that refuse to provide their children with necessary and appropriate medicines should be viewed as what they are: cowards who hide behind the First Amendment, gullible fools easily lead by personal testimonials and purposely ignorant of proven science, selfish parents who sacrifice the health and well-being of their children to bolster their own spirituality; criminally negligent child abusers.

From the Paper
"The FDA was formed in response to the spate of deaths caused by untrained persons marketing patent medicines that promised miracle cures for any number of chronic ailments but which were filled with harmful chemicals and compounds. Today, the FDA continues to regulate and perform exhaustive testing on new pharmaceutical drugs and medical procedures, not allowing the public to come in contact with them until their efficacy and safety has been proven satisfactorily. Faith healing should be subject to the same rigid scrutiny. In this author's research for this paper, she was unable to find a single accredited study enumerating the magical healing powers of prayer. She did find, however, countless studies regarding the efficacy of insulin and dialysis treatment in diabetes, and even more regarding the almost invariable successes of treating pneumonia with an antibiotic. "

Tags:Child, Abuse, Medical, Care, Religion