Abstract
This paper is an extensive literature review that shows that community policing initiatives have become increasingly popular in recent years and are now in place in the vast majority of American cities. It points out that the impact of these programs has been difficult to assess; but the fact remains that, in 1980, the United States clearly led the Western world in overall crime and ranked particularly high in property crime; however, since the implementation of community policing programs across the country, statistics have shown a marked decline in U.S. property crime. It also discusses how the research indicates that, despite their many success, community policing programs have experienced a wide range of internal and external obstacles and constraints to their implementation that continue to plague many such efforts today.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Community Policing Programs - What Are They?
Constraints to Implementation
Current and Future Trends
Recommendations and Supporting Rationale
Chiefs' Support
The Liaison Officer
The Survey
Officer Training
Current Community Policing Programs
Dearborn Security Network, Dearborn Police Department, Dearborn, Michigan
PRIDE, Southfield Police Department, Southfield, Michigan
Downtown Detroit Security Executive Council (DDSEC), Detroit Police Department (DPD)
Annual Update Seminar on Security and Crime Prevention, Detroit Chapter of American Society for Industrial Security, (ASIS) and the DPD
Baltimore County Police Department and Private Security Association
Area Police/Private Security Liaison (APPL), New York City Police Department (NYPD)
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The goals and methods of community policing are comparable to those of community development planning; for example, both activities are designed to foster stable, healthy neighborhoods, and both attempt to involve community residents in these improvement efforts. As a result, urban planners and community police officers are increasingly being required to work together in order to maximize their impacts and to take advantage of the perspectives and skills that each profession brings to the task of improving living conditions in a community's neighborhoods."

Tags:obstacles, property-crime, residents, urban-planners, training

Abstract
This paper analyzes the Arab immigration into Michigan during the 20th century. It includes a detailed description of Arab immigration in the Detroit and Dearborn areas. The author also discusses changing views of ethnic identity and assimilation.

From the Paper
"The history of Arab immigration in Michigan particularly the Dearborn and Detroit areas illustrates similar challenges and experiences as those faced by other waves of immigrants in United States History ..."

Tags:immigration, Arabs, immigrants, ethnicity, nationality, assimilation, culture

Abstract
The paper discusses the types of equipment used the Civil War period. The paper presents photographers: Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, Timothy O'Sullivan, Andrew Joseph Russell and Jay Dearborn Edwards. The author pointed out that the study of their portraiture offers an in-depth look at the men and women who made a significant contribution to the development of the United States.

From the Paper
"Although photography had existed for only two short decades when the War broke out, from the start, the pictures the early photographers created fascinated the public. Their images seemed, unlike drawings and paintings, to capture reality. When the war began, hundreds of photographers began to cover the conflict. In both their studios and in the field, they took numerous portraits of common soldiers and then sold them in a popular card-size format. The Civil War photographers traveled to Army field headquarters and returned with images of the war's heroes. When they went into the field to take their photographs, they carried not only a camera, but also a portable darkroom that was used for the delicate process of wet-plate photography."

Tags:stereo-views, carte-de-visite, tintypes, brady, gardner

Abstract
This paper explains that many of the nearly three million Arab-Americans are making an effort to reclaim and preserve their heritage. The author points out that Arab-Americans, including those born in the United States and recent immigrants from Arab nations, demonstrate the highest degree of ethnic pride as compared to other ethnic groups, with ninety percent of the population showing such pride. The paper reports that, most often, the Arab-American population displays its pride, heritage, and culture within the arts; the paper notes several Arab-American painters, sculptors, writers, and other artistic specialists.

From the Paper
"This vast population of both immigrants and native-born Arab-Americans lives all over the United States. However, the most concentrated area of Arab-American settlement is in southeastern Michigan. In particular, the city of Dearborn holds many Arabic centralized neighborhoods. In Dearborn, twenty percent of all the population and over forty percent of students enrolled in the public school system are Arab-American."

Tags:sakkal, alkatrany, festivals, dearborn, rihani