Abstract
This paper looks at the case against DDT, and how it was spearheaded by Rachel Carson with publication of her book, "Silent Spring". It looks at the different positions taken by affected parties and their responsibilities.

From the Paper
"The case under study in "The Silence of the Birds": Rachel Carson and the Pesticides" concerns the pesticide DDT which was banned. DDT has been banned for all use and sale in the United States by the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. A major driving force behind this ban was Rachel Carson, a naturalist and science writer who became aware of DDT and its potential forecological damage and issued warnings that it might not be the panacea for insect woes..."

Tags:DDT, Rachel Carson

Abstract
This paper explains that the manufacturing and use of DDT is strictly prohibited by international agreement, however, DDT can be used for indoor application to prevent vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Next, the author reports the four phases of disposition employed to asses the toxicity of DDT and surmises that DDT presents a low degree of acute toxicity. The paper concludes that, even though it can cause serious health problems from its toxicity, DDT will continue to be used for the control of malaria until an equally cost-effective substitute is developed.

From the Paper
"The risks that use of DDT poses upon the health and well being of humans are re-evaluated by WHO on a regular basis. In order to re-evaluate the position that WHO has in regards to the use of DDT for malaria control, information regarding exposure rates and the effects that these exposures have on humans would need to be looked at. It would also be necessary to look at what is being done to limit the exposure rates during and after the application process. Another factor to look at would be that of any alternatives that may be available for use and their effectiveness. All of this data would be looked at in relation to how toxic DDT really is."

Tags:alternative, indoor residual spraying, vector mosquitoes, metabolism re-evaluations

Abstract
This paper examines the dangers of the notorious chemical DDT and shows why it should be banned by the year 2007, as environmentalist groups have aimed to do. The paper covers issues relating to the chemical including a growing resistance to its use, effective alternatives and the extent of its environmental destruction.

From the Paper
"The environmental damage that DDT causes is enough in itself to justify a total ban. DDT is a very persistent chemical and because if its molecular structure breaks down very slowly within nature. There are rough estimates that the half-life of DDT is around 12-15 years depending on the climate it is exposed to. This is partly why it is so dangerous in the environment. Another factor is that DDT is able to travel great distances, and is found every where throughout the globe. This is a strange and disturbing discovery because some places have never been sprayed before, such as Antarctica and the ocean bottoms. The spraying of DDT has unintentionally killed some main predators of the mosquito. Dragonfly larva hunt mosquito larva in puddles and stagnant ponds and also the adult dragonfly will hunt adult mosquitoes further reducing their numbers. DDT has worked in the past but as it destroyed fragile ecosystems it has now increased mosquito numbers. DDT is also the linked chemical responsible for the decline in the population of the Bald eagle and the Peregrine falcon. These two species are at the top of the food chain, thus their prey usually have been exposed to DDT."

Tags:bioaccumilation, malaria, Bacillus, Thuringiensis

From the Paper
"Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane

Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is a nonsystemic contact insecticide. The compound has been employed against a variety of pests. Although DDT can be used to combat insect-transmitted disease, it's most common application is in agriculture. The chemical was widely utilized across the globe from World War II up until 1972. In that year, concern over the potential threat of environmental damage eventually caused the United States to restrict its use.

An organochlorine, DDT's chemical formula is C14H9Cl5. The compound can be variously described. In addition to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane, it is also known as the following: (1) p,p'-DDT; (2) 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane; and (3) 4,4'DDT. There are actually three ..."

Abstract
After providing a brief autobiography of the author of "Silent Spring", Rachel Carson, the paper discusses the book itself in a chapter-by-chapter summary. "Silent Spring" was Carson's way of presenting to the public the dangers of the use of DDT. The paper also includes quotes from the text.

From the Paper
"In Detroit, Michigan the Michigan Department of Agriculture decided to cover their city with Aldrin pellets, the most dangerous poison at the time (and the cheapest), to destroy their population of Japanese Beetles which had arrived in Detroit on plants imported from Mississippi. Carelessly they sprayed the pellets over the human population and when it rained over night the pellets were watered down and puddles of lethal poison lay scattered across the ground."

Tags:borneo, ddd, ecologist

Abstract
This essay contains the history of the pesticide DDT and it's uses within the environment. DTT is a harmful pesticide which has been detrimental to the environment, and has caused a decline in a variety of species. The author focuses specifically on the effects of the pesticide on the environment.

From the Paper
" As earth's population grows so does the demand for food, and the use of pesticides has become essential in meeting this demand. The first important synthetic organic pesticide was a chlorinated hydrocarbon, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT. DDT was discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Meller. In its early days, DDT was a popular pesticide because it was toxic to a wide range of insect pests, yet it appeared to have low toxicity to mammals. DDT was also persistent, which meant the pesticide didn't break down rapidly in the environment and therefore did not need to be reapplied often and since DDT was insoluble it did not wash off by rain or other weather conditions. Although gradually throughout time it was discovered that many insects had developed resistance to DDT, and it was discovered that DDT did in fact pose to be harmful to the ecosystem. This discovery created wide public interest and made people aware that chemicals were polluting the environment. As a result DDT was banned for use in North America and other countries in the early 1970's. Though pesticides, such as DDT, may decrease the number of insects, throughout history it has been proven that there is a detrimental effect upon the environment, animals and humans as a result."

Tags:ecology, ecosystem, damage

Abstract
This paper discusses the occurrence of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews the first program to control the spread of malaria in Sub-Saharan African countries that started in the 1920's with larval restraint. The governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have encouraged policies that target the destruction of the mosquitoes that cause this disease, since reliable means to contain this disease are out of their reach. These policies have paved way for excessive utilization of man-made insect-killers, mainly dichlorodiphenyl trichioroethane (DDT). This man-made insect-killer is said to possess extreme side affects to both the environment and the human life. The paper examines the reasons that have triggered the developed world to ban the use of DDT and explores the attempts to influence Third World countries to also take the initiative to ban the use of DDT. The paper demonstrates that malaria entails exceedingly important economic expenditures on Sub-Saharan African countries.

Outline
Executive Summary
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Review of the Literature
Malaria Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Age and Gender Analysis of Malaria Cases
Financial Expenses of Malaria Treatment
Malaria Prevention and Control in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pertinent Foundation
DDT is Necessary to Control Malaria
Abolishing the Use of DDT
Function of the World Health Organization
Influence of International Policies
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is common knowledge that malaria is the world's most lethal bloodsucking infection. Malaria takes life from more people than any other infectious virus, apart from tuberculosis (TB). Despite the fact that the geological region influenced by malaria has reduced drastically in size in the preceding five decades, restraining Malaria has turned out to be extremely difficult, in fact impossible, and the efforts and improvements by the respective governments have been wasted.
The infection is passed on by Anopheline mosquitoes, the figure and kind of which establish the degree of flow in a specified region. Augmented threat of the infection is related with transformations in the utilization of land concerning actions like highway construction, mining, logging, as well as, farming and irrigation ventures, predominantly in border regions like the Sub-Sahara Africa. One of the cures for this ailment that has been extremely useful is the utilization of DDT."

Tags:ddt, bloodsucking, anopheline, mosquitoes

Abstract
This paper discusses the origins of the Green Revolution and its impact throughout the world. India, Canada, Brazil, the US are discussed as well as the definitions of GMOs, transgenic seeds, and DDT. The paper also examines the impact of major companies such as Monsanto and their role in changing the modern face of agriculture.

Outline:
Introduction
Bioseeds
The Green Revolution
Problems With the Green Revolution
High Yield Variety Seeds
Seeds as Intellectual Property
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Labelling Policy
GMO Policy in Brazil
GMO Policy in Canada
Pesticides
What Is DDT?
The Side Effects
Environmental Impact
Current Use
Conclusion

From the Paper
"HYV seeds are praised and cursed, for different aspects, by scholars and agriculturalists alike. It is clear that high yields played a vital part in allowing farmers of undeveloped areas to dramatically increase their harvests along with their living standards (Cameron 1999:93). It is also agreed upon that HYV seeds lead to unbalanced growth between separate regions, along with widening the income inequality between farms in the same region, as well as between small and large farmers (Chowdhury 1970:A90). Unfortunately it seems as if HYV seeds are the only option for increasing agricultural yields. By 2030 1.5 tons of grain per acre must be achieved, instead of the current 1.1 tons, in order to ensure food security. 80% of this must come from expanding the amount of harvest without increasing the amount of land cultivated (Roberts 2009:213). "

Tags:crossbreeding, transgenic, HYV, DDT, Monsanto, agriculture

Abstract
This paper shows how humankind's interaction with the environment in the late 20th century and early 21st century, particularly the diminution of natural resources such as fossil fuels, is causing problems that will perhaps lead to a localized global culture in the future. The paper begins by defining key terms such as 'environment' and by giving a brief background to bring issues into the postmodern perspective. The paper delineates the impact on the environment of oil, gas, coal and freshwater shortages; deforestation; air pollution; DDT; Teflon; population growth; and mass consumerism (particularly tourism and technology) as a product of globalization. The paper also supports the ideas presented in environment-conflict theory, arguing that unless speedy efforts are made to find new energy sources and reduce current energy consumption it is possible that the world may revert to a factional global society similar to that of over two centuries ago.

From the Paper
"The movement towards a more localized organization of societies around the world is being pushed environmentally not only by the depletion of fossil fuels but by the pollution of the environment as a result of consumption in the globalized world. DDT (a pesticide) and other 'Persistent Organic Pollutants' (POPs) pose both risks to human health and possible long-term effects on the local environment. DDT has a half life of between 2-15 years and is immobile in most soils and can persist for weeks in rivers and lakes."

Tags:air, coal, consumerism, ddt, deforestation, ecotourism, kyoto, malthusian, pollution, protocol, teflon

Abstract
The paper looks at the influence of the book on the ban of the use of DDT, and how it spurred revolutionary changes in the laws that have been destroying air, land and water of this planet. The initiation of the environmental movement is explored in relation to the book and the development of this movement is traced.

From the Paper
"Seldom there have been incidents in the history of mankind that a single book has managed to alter the path of history, but Silent Spring written by Rachel Carson did precisely that. The book forced the ban on the use of DDT, after its publication in 1962, and spurred revolutionary changes in the laws that have been destroying air, land, and water of this planet. The obsessive concern of Carson for the future of this planet and the humanity that has been living for billions of years, echoed forcefully throughout the world, as her expressive book has been influential in the initiation of the environmental movement (2)."

Tags:DDT, environmental, movement, planet, activist, ecology, ecological, degradation, awareness