Abstract
This paper deals with the increase in knee injuries among female athletes. The author presents hard facts to support his position and provides a personal perspective on the subject. In addition the author provides examples of ways in which knee injuries occur and the various names for the different kinds of injuries.

From the Paper
"The knee joint is one of the most complicated and critical joints of the human body. The knee has to bear the entire body weight, shift balance and adjust direction of movement all smoothly and in efficient coordination. It is not surprising that injuries occur to this particular joint. The primary elements of the knee include the large bone structures: the femur, patella, tibia, and the fibula. What moves the bones of course are the muscles: flexors (biceps femoris, semimembraneous, semitendinous, sartorius, gracilis and extensors quadriceps and patellar. Now, within those larger structures are smaller but nonetheless critical components: the various ligaments which stabilize the bones and muscles such as the medial and lateral Collateral Ligaments and the Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments usually termed ACL and PCL."

Tags:acl, medical, sport

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the intense passion that the ancient Mayan civilization had for sporting activities. The author discusses how the ballgames of the times had many different levels of meaning, ranging from entertainment to ritual, as tributes to the gods. The paper details the rules and regulations of such ancient games as Poc-a-tok and Ollama, and how Mayans saw sports as public reenactments of warfare.

From the Paper:

"Through this ballgame one can learn a lot about Mayan culture. The never-ending love and devotion that they held for the Gods of their people is apparent in the fact that they organized these ballgames to please them. They played until they collapsed from exhaustion, in some instances, so that they could be sacrificed if they won. The Mayans were a people of respect and warfare. This is evident in the way that after each raid that they planned only with the specific alignment of the sun and the planets they always held the game at the Victor?s homeland, there was no straying from the tradition. They placed value in worship of their gods and honor to those brave players who opted to die for the game and in turn for their Gods."

Tags:ballgame, custom, mayan, ritual, sport, underworld, courts, soccer, ollama

Abstract
This essay describes Jackie Robinson's past as a baseball player from the time he first played major league baseball in the United States in 1947. The writer shows that he had no expectations beyond breaking the color barrier so that blacks as well as whites could play baseball.The aim of this paper is to show that Robinson was a quiet role model for the youth of the world for generations to come a role model demonstrating that one person can speak up for what he knows to be right, and to have it make a difference.

From the paper:

"Robinson endured many slights and insults while playing professional baseball. When the Brooklyn Dodgers called him up from their farm club, the president of the Philadelphia Phillies announced that their team would not play the Dodgers as long as Robinson was part of the team. The St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike. Cooler heads prevailed, and Jackie Robinson played ball. (Mims, 1995)."

Tags:Civil, Rights, Black, Americans, routine, institution, discrimination, constitution, Eisenhower

Abstract
This paper tells the story of how soccer grew from very primitive beginnings to being played in front of thousands of fans at a time. It reports the very first recordings of actual games being played and how soccer was almost doomed to extinction. The paper then explains in depth how soccer migrated to the United States and how it grew so rapidly since then. It concludes with predictions on the future of soccer.

From the Paper
"So many ancient cultures played a sport with skills and layout similar to modern day soccer that nobody can agree on exactly by whom or when soccer was created, but it has been traced back to cultures as far as 3000 years ago (Eskenanzi126). One of the earliest forms was from Japan c. 1004 B.C. where a ball was kicked on a rectangular field (Fulton Internet). The Munich Ethnological Museum found text from China around 50 B.C. that mentions a lot of games similar to the modern day game of soccer, and games that were played between China and Japan (Fulton Internet). We know the Chinese kicked a leather ball around, and it is certain that there was a game played in the ancient Japanese capital Kyoto."

Tags:american, ancient, football, futbol, MLS, soccerball, World, Cup, Championship, NASL, Pele

Abstract
The following paper begins by describing the link between sport and society. It then moves on to discuss competition as essential to sport. This is followed by a discussion of the link between society and competition. Perspectives on overemphasizing sport will then be given as well as a discussion on the value of sport to society. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing the problems that result when competition in sport is overemphasized.

From the Paper
"Sport can be identified as an important part of society, often reflecting the values of society. Christopher Bates Doob in Sociology: An Introduction notes how sports stars are idolized, being seen as the ultimate models of success, with Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal and Charles Barkley being given as examples, with it being noted that these sports stars are famous, wealthy and widely marketed. The impact of sports on people is largely related to identity and to the process of people identifying with sports people. In the Olympics, country competes against country, with spectators of a country cheering for their own and reacting as if they have won when the athlete wins. The reality is that the spectator has no relationship with the athlete except that they share a common culture. Logically, this seems absurd that the spectator would register a win because the athlete wins. This shows the way that people associate with the sports person and the way their actions impact directly on the spectator. It also shows just how much sport means to an individual. The same can be applied to town against town sports, or university against university sports. In all cases, the spectator identifies with a certain side and this gives the sport meaning to them."

Abstract
The paper studies risk factors for developing coronary heart disease such as heredity, smoking and poor diet and the effect each has on the heart. It then goes on to examine how the use of moderate exercise can drastically reduce these risks and assesses several kinds of exercises.

From the Paper
"Jogging has become very popular, especially with the onset of spring. Jogging, along with aerobics, dancercise, jazzercise, swimming, cycling, using treadmills and stair masters are forms of aerobics exercise. They are also called endurance exercises. Aerobics exercises help build endurance, keep the heart at a steady and elevated rates boosting HDL ( good cholesterol), strengthen the bones in the spine, help maintain normal weight and improve one s sense of well being. Another form of exercise is isometric training weight training. Isometric exercise builds muscle strength, helps maintain bone density, improves digestion, and some research indicates, lowers LDL ( bad cholesterol). ""

Tags:HDL, LDL, American, Heart, Association

Abstract
This essay compares the coverage of the World Series by newspapers and television news and concludes that neither the newspaper nor the television news was better. The author states that personal taste dictates the selection. The author prefers television coverage because, as a novice to baseball, she could enjoy the sights and sounds of the World Series. The presentation of the strengths and weaknesses for both the newspaper and television news coverage are thoughtful.

From the Paper
"Both newspapers and news shows provide the public with information of interest; however, after researching, I can now conclude that the newspaper reporters wrote their sports stories with the interest of the busy working adult in mind. Newspaper articles went straight to the point by stating the game's final score toward the beginning of the article and supporting details and quotes later on."

Tags:baseball, information, details, quotes, print, interviews, film, replay

From the Paper
"Punting a football is an action designed to provide impetus to an external object. Movements of this type culminate in brief contact with an object (moving or still) by a moving body part. In such actions the "imparting of force" is the principal aim and the skills involve applying the force to the correct point, and with appropriate amounts of force, to achieve the desired distance and direction (Wells & Luttgens, 1976, p. 466). The motion involved in kicking the ball is angular in nature as the lower leg engages in rotating about an axis in the knee joint and the thigh moves in a rotatory motion about the hip joint.

The series of movements involved in punting include the flexion of the hip with explosive extension of the knee and plantar flexion of the ankle at the kicking point. The sole base of support from which the kick is launched is the standing ..."

From the Paper
" The Mesoamerican Ball Game
Introduction
The Mesoamerican ball game was played for recreational, sociopolitical, and religious reasons. The ball game held a central, primary part in the lives of Mesoamerican people. It was played across a wide geographic area by many different peoples. The ball courts began emerging in the Maya lowlands, at the end of the Middle Formative period (Ashmore 496). There is much, about the ball game, which is only theorized or speculated. The archeological evidence concerning the ball game is limited to the location and design of the ball courts, a few pieces of artifacts found in refuse piles, the contents of caches (when they have been recorded), art work depicting the game in progress, and ethnographic accounts. From these sources of.."

From the Paper
" MANDATORY DRUG TESTING IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
Introduction
Should mandatory drug testing be used in professional sports? This paper presents several arguments in favor of an affirmative answer to this question. Also discussed are factors that can deter mandatory drug testing programs from achieving those goals, purposes and objectives which provide reason for their use.

Arguments Favoring Mandatory Drug Testing In Professional
Sports
Several arguments support mandatory drug testing of professional athletes. One of these is that mandatory drug testing would help to prevent athletes from suffering the physical long-term consequences of drug-taking by bringing drug.."