Abstract
This paper discusses the delicate balance between the sanctity of lawyer-client privilege and the need to protect society. The paper begins by defining money laundering and presenting examples of lawyers who have been involved in money laundering. The paper then explains why the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) views lawyers as potential "gatekeepers" of the money laundering process. Next, the paper discusses the sanctity of lawyer-client privileges. A discussion on law enforcement efforts to balance the rights of the individual vs. the protection of society then follows. The paper concludes that this ethical dilemma of the relationship between lawyers' right to defend individuals and organized crime involved in money laundering creates topical discussions with no clear answers.

Outline:
Introduction
Money Laundering Defined
Examples of Lawyers Involved in Money Laundering
FATF Describes Lawyers as "Gatekeepers"
Ethics and the Sanctity of Lawyer Client Privilege
Balancing the Rights of the Individual versus the Protection of Society

From the Paper
"Balancing the protection of society versus defending individual rights is an ethical dilemma that criminal defense lawyers may experience. This is especially enhanced when lawyers represent the interests of organized crime. Money laundering endangers the social economic fabric of society and is linked to serious crimes of violence, drug trafficking and terrorism. Legislation is designed to assist law enforcement with investigating and prosecuting crimes such as money laundering. However, legalities have been overcome by professionals such as accountants, bank managers, insurance agents and lawyers. These professionals viewed as potential "gatekeepers" of the money laundering process can easily become embroiled into facilitating the needs of organized crime, either unwittingly or knowingly."

Tags:gatekeepers, financial, reporting, transactions

Abstract
This paper is an overview of what the World Trade Organization (WTO) is and what it does. The history of the WTO is discussed as well as its advantages and disadvantages to Canada.

From the Paper
"The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization engaging in the rules of trade between countries. At its core are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and confirmed in their parliaments. The organization accounts for over 90% of world trade and consist of 135 member nations that range from the US-to-Cuba-to-The Kyrgyz Republic."

Tags:agreements, globalization, international, subsidies, trade

Abstract
This essay was written as a rebuttal to the growing controversy over Canada's parole system, and parole laws. The essay strongly advocates upholding the system, and highlights some of its strengths; it remains relevant today. The essay focuses on crime statistics, and how they may be skewered by media coverage, misconceptions and facts about parole and obtaining parole, victim's rights re: victim impact statements, parole violation: statistics and misconceptions, statutory requirements re: parole, and costs of parole.

Tags:criminal, rehabilitation, release

Abstract
This paper argues that the taxation policies of the Liberal and Progressive Conservative Parties in Canada have shifted further to the right.

From the Paper
The Conservative Party maintains its conservative beginnings. Its philosophy is oriented toward maintaining the status quo in so far as the nation of Canada and its institutions, programs, eliminating regionalism, building a stronger nation, and limiting government intrusion into the private lives of Canadians.[i] There is little change in the Party's current platform. The Conservatives want to restore spending to the levels before the Liberals assumed power. The Conservatives have promulgated a new tax policy that calls for tax reduction

Tags:canadian, parties, political, tax, real, estate

Abstract
This paper looks at the privatization of healthcare in Canada. Under the NAFTA, health care in Canada cannot be preserved if there is private operation. Once a province has decided to allow the operation of private health care and HMO?s, then under the NAFTA every province in Canada is obliged to do the same. This is irreversible since by allowing the change toward privatization an alteration has been made to a NAFTA reservation.

From the Paper
"One of Canada's greatest legacies can be considered to be its socially funded Medicare system, founded by Saskatchewan Premier T.C.Douglas in 1947. Ongoing conflict in 1984 between the federal and provincial governments over health care expenditures eventually led to the passing of a new legislation identifying the five basic principles of the Canadian public health care system. This legislation was the Canadian Health Act of 1984, and it was strongly lobbied for by the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). "The federal government took the position that extra-billing and user fees were eroding Medicare, and further that if those practices were allowed to continue and increase, a two tiered system of health care would develop, one for the rich, and another for the poor" (Kerr, J.R., & MacPhail, J., 1996)."

Tags:11, agreement, alberta, american, bill, canada, care, free, gats, health, north, nursing, trade, wto

Abstract
This paper discusses the power struggle that ensued between native tribes and European settlers during the late 19th century. The author discusses the underlying causes that drove both the Cree and the government of Canada to seek peaceful alliance, the great differences in culture and consciousness between the natives and the European descendents and the discrepancies between the promises made by the Commissioners of Treaty Six and the realities experienced by the Cree.

From the Paper
"In September of 1870 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) transferred the empire of Rupert's Land and the North West Territories to the Government of Canada. The government sought to enlarge the Dominion of Canada and encourage settlement to the west, though before this was possible a new alliance had to be formed with the Cree Nation, the Plains Crees, and the Wood Crees. Treaty Six was negotiated in 1876 and involved the title to 121,000 square miles of Saskatchewan and the welfare of 7000 Indians and 2000 half-breeds."

Tags:canada, indians, natives

Abstract
This paper is a very personal, subjective look at a local Vancouver based rock band called Nickelback. The author takes a personal approach by looking at some of their songs from inside and out.

From the Paper
"On Alternative radio, a new band has been jumping up the charts in the past few months. The band, from Vancouver, Canada, is called Nickelback. Formed by two brothers, Chad and Mike Kroeger, in 1996, Nickelback has reached major success starting in 2000 with the release of their first album The State, and now in 2001 with the release of their most recent album Silver Side Up (DynamicRock)."

Tags:music, nickelback, review, reviews

Abstract
This paper represents an attempt to identify the Canadian Judiciary's ability to balance the interests of the public and private sphere's according to changing social and political attitudes, as well as an evaluation of internal characteristics of the judiciary and how they necessarily effect this balance.

From the Paper
"Without question the judiciary's role in protecting individual liberties is valuable, however there are certain elements involved in the judicial process that have made its role highly controversial. The undemocratic nature of the judiciary calls into question its merit in handing down "activist" decisions that see the judiciary competing with legislatures to form the laws of Canada. Similarly, the its undemocratic, unrepresentative nature creates suspicion as to whether the judiciary is interested in protecting the rights of the common man which is the underlying purpose of the Charter. Perhaps of greatest concern is the tremendous scope of interpretive power the legislature commonly leaves to the judiciary, through the formation of unspecific, inconclusive legislation."

Tags:canada, constitutional, judiciary, law, liberties, Mill, hierarchy, supreme, court, privileges, responsibilities, obligations, private, public, rights, sphere, charter, theory

Abstract
This is a research proposal that was done to look at the effects of poverty on immigration in Canada. In Canada, immigrants are more likely to live under the poverty line than native Canadian-born citizens. The proposal attempts to answer the question: Why are Canada?s immigrants more likely to end up in poverty than native-born Canadians. It is a qualitative proposal, which includes a literature review. The author discusses census data and utilizes interview questions and answers. The proposal was written in first person narrative, and is 13 pages long, including bibliography as well as a potential newspaper ad for gathering applicants to the study.

From the Paper
"This study will hopefully show why it is that immigrants to Canada , at least those who arrived since 1981, are more likely to live in poverty than native-born Canadians. It will attempt to find possible solutions to prevent this from happening to future immigrant populations, whether the problem lies in the hands of the immigration system, or if it has to do with something else. Optimistically, my study will also serve to educate the public and policy makers to adopt different views on immigration and immigrants than the ones currently harbored by many. In my opinion, education of the public and lawmakers will prove crucial after the findings to start finding ways to make some changes to get these people out of poverty, which would benefit everyone."

Tags:literature, census, methods, interview, qualitiative, research, immigration, LICO

Abstract
This paper refers to concepts of proportional representation, regional representation and asymmetrical federalism in reference to the status of Quebec in Canada. It calls for a reformed and strengthened Canadian Senate to promote provincial interests within the federal system.

From the Paper
"Still, in the current Canadian political context, the Senate does serve some functions. However, the potential exists to expand its role and structure to serve a more active role in the Canadian political system. Specifically, the Senate ought to be reformed and strengthened to promote provincial interests within the federal system. Existing models and concepts of Senate reform will be critically evaluated before a model is presented which will attempt to rectify existing problems, as well as to avoid potential failings which critics of Senate reform often predict."

Tags:asymmetrical, constitution, federalism, proportional, representation, canada, political, system, provincial, regional, reform