Abstract
During the 1970s people in Canada (and elsewhere) lost faith in Keynesian economics, laying the groundwork for the decline of the Keynesian welfare state, and the rise of neo-liberalism. Neoliberalism favoured the unfettered economic power of private property, and the rise of neo-liberalism signaled the beginning of the globalization of the world economy. This change was therefore a dramatic and important shift, which continues to impact our world profoundly today. This essay examines the reasons for the loss of faith in Keynesian economics in the 1970s in Canada.

Tags:keynes, canada, 1970s

Abstract
This paper discusses how the nursing shortage and repercussions in nursing attrition and compromised patient care led to numerous attempts at forcing mandatory nurse-patient ratio legislation in California until finally, the bill was signed into law in 1999. This paper reviews the bill including the history and ramifications of the legislation and focuses on implications for the nursing profession and others.

From the Paper
"In 1999, California became the first state in the union to impose mandatory nurse-patient ratios (Sabin, 2004; Wilson, 2004; Dumpel, 2005; Gedhill, 2005; "Hospitals struggle," 2005; Evans, 2006). The legislation requires that med-surg nurses would no longer be responsible for more than five or six patients each, during the phased in approach to the bill. According to research, the bill required that as of January 1, 2004, no more than six patients per nurse be assigned and that by January 1, 2005 the number be reduced to the assignment of no more than five patients per nurse (Sabin, 2004; Gedhill, 2005; "Hospitals struggle," 2005; Evans, 2006). Governor Gray Davis signed the California Staffing Ratio Law, AB 394 into law on October 10, 1999, although attempts to pass such legislation dated back to 1193 with the introduction of AB 1445 that was defeated (Dumpel, 2005). "

Tags:nursing, legislation, california

Abstract
This paper argues that capital punishment should never be reinstated in Canada, because too many innocent people have been hanged due to common human error, because capital punishment is uncivilized punishment, and because capital punishment does nothing to deter citizens from committing crimes.

Tags:incarceration, penalties, prison, punishment, sentencing, human, rights

Abstract
A paper that shows that in a world of expanding business and human mobility there is an increasing prevalence of corporations extending internationally, resulting in many political and social implications. The author finds that although conventionally, one would join a lobby firm in order to influence government policy through bureaucratic channels; in light of growing corporate globalization, one can argue that these conventional channels are no longer able to reflect the demands and interests of the general population. He finds that although lobby firms possess substantial resources in lobbying government, it is in the flexible structure of informal grassroots organizations that people will be able to influence policy in a globalized world. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of transnational networks in influencing policy by highlighting the insufficiencies of lobby firms, outlining the characteristics of social movements that make them effective, and illustrating the application of these tactics in specific campaigns. Ultimately, it is in these informal movements that the demands of the general public will be heard. The paper focuses on Canada's experience.

From the Paper
"Ultimately, in a world increasingly dominated by multinational corporations, the future of public interests lies in the methods of grassroots organizations. Lobby firms have become ineffective in representing interests of the public, as they are now puppets of the big business interests who hire them. Likewise, governments have ceased to become the focus of policy change, as they too, have subordinated themselves to the interests of multinational corporations. Thus, it is in the flexible and adaptive structures of grassroots lobbying that Canadian voices and interests will be heard in the global arena. The reality that the strength of corporations in this arena is indubitable; yet, it is in the mobilization of collective action from grassroots organizations that will keep these corporations in check and ensure global social justice."

Tags:gatt, greenpeace, mai, movements, multinational, shell, social, wto

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact that NAFTA has had on the Canadian economy. Through examples of the role that NAFTA has played it is seen that this impact has been largely positive. Areas examined include NAFTA's role in mediating between the U.S. and Canada and increased employment through an increase in trade opportunity, among others. Arguments defending the role of NAFTA against criticism it has faced are also presented.

From the Paper
"Canada and the United States have had a long-standing friendship in which the two nations live peacefully side-by-side. The borders are not armed, the residents of each nation have respect for the other and there are many advantages enjoyed by remaining friendly. Just as any two friends will have disagreements from time to time, Canada and the US have also had their share of problems. One of the problems that has occurred from time to time between the two nations deals with the economics of each nation. NAFTA, which is a membership group designed to promote and improve trade relations within the member nations is sometimes called in to mediate between Canada and the US. NAFTA has had a positive impact on the Canadian economy overall, but it has not been without its problems for the northernmost country of the North American continent."

Tags:US, border, trade, mediate, dairy, employment, agriculture, food, health, standards, manufacturing, tariffs

Abstract
The escaped slaves who fled through the Underground Railroad to Canada hardly found the promised land they might have sought or expected, but their experience in Canada was invariably better than they had had as slaves in the South or as frightened and endangered fugitives in the North. The paper shows that, at its worst, Canada offered a more free and humane life than did the South under the horrors of slavery. Canada itself was never a major player in the slave trade, although slavery was legal in the nation until well into the 19th century. The paper shows that Canada outlawed slavery more than twenty-five years before it was declared illegal in the United States, and its outlawing did not cause the national division it caused in the United States. The paper discusses how the "promised land" of Canada was still marked by racism and resistance to the influx of slaves fleeing the United States. While some blacks returned to the United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery, many remained in Canada and both benefited from the better conditions in that country (even after the end of slavery in the United States) and contributed to the culture and society of their new nation, Canada. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"There is no doubt that a great number of slaves fled to Canada in the hope of finding a better life, which they did indeed find. The greatest period of flight to Canada by slaves was the decade from 1850 to just before the start of the Civil War. For example, the black population of New Brunswick doubled to 1600 in the decade in question, and by 1861 blacks in Nova Scotia made up 2% of the population and Canada West's black population had quadrupled from a decade earlier (St. James 1). Clearly, this is a sign that life in Canada was indeed an improvement over life under slavery in the United States or even over life in the North as runaway slaves. If this had not been the case, and if life were not much better in Canada, news would have reached either the fugitive slaves or their helpers in the Underground Railroad in the United States and immigration to Canada would have ceased or been reduced significantly."

Tags:Fugitive, Slave, Act, Dawn, Settlement, Mary, Ann, Shadd, Edward, Hicks

Abstract
This paper evaluates Barbara Murphy's argument in "The Ugly Canadian: The Rise and Fall of a Caring Society".

From the Paper
This paper discusses of potential the actuality problems that have developed in the Canandian culture.

Abstract
This paper examines the rush to settle the Canadian Prairies after 1896. Initially, the 'traditional' explanation of the National Policy's role is presented. Subsequently, criticisms of this explanation and alternative factors are examined.

Abstract
This paper will argue that "Lives of the Saints" may be seen as a "prequel" of sorts to "Son of a Smaller Hero" in that it explains how the culture of a country of origin can shape the immigrant life in Canada.

Abstract
This paper will provide evidence that clearly supports the notion that NAFTA is unhealthy for Canada, economically, politically, and culturally. Parenthetically, it might also be added that it is bad for Mexico and the US as well. In sum, as it stands at present, there is little if anything meritorious about the formal relationship that economically binds the North American continent together. On an informal level, the consequences may even be worse.