From the Paper
"Science can be broadly defined as the development of knowledge about the physical world. The history of science is the explanation of the development of this knowledge. Science is often viewed as cumulative and progressive by its nature. Such views, however, can have profound implications because not all scientists or theorists follow the cumulative view. Scientists use both deductive and inductive reasoning to hypothesize the possibility of a useful theory. They also seem to be able to decide or discover more easily which theories are false rather than which theories are true. While the proving or disproving of scientific theory plays a vital part in the growth of science and scientific inquiry, the way that the actual progress or creation and discovery of new ideas and paradigms of thought is at the center of scientific research. Does science move forward in a cumulative and progressive manner or does it move forward in leaps and bounds? "

Tags:kuhn, paradigm, shift, scientific, revolution, theory, statistics, inductive, reasoning

Abstract
This paper is a biography of Marie Curie's life, as well as her work and impact in the fields of physics and chemistry. It also pays particular notice to radioactivity. The paper is based on the strong theme that "nothing in life is to be feared, only understood," a quote attributed to Marie Curie herself.

From the Paper
"Marie's childhood was not a perfect one by any means. She was the fifth child in her family, and soon after she was born, both of her parents lost their jobs as teachers. Despite losing their jobs, Marie's parents still managed to instill into their daughter the value of education, and had taught her to read by age 4. Her parents also instilled in Marie a sense of duty. This, combined with the family's economic circumstances lead Marie to lead "the most Spartan of lives." ["Marie Curie", Minist're des Affaires "trang'res de la R'publique Francaise, 1.] Marie's childhood continued to be harsh, as she had to deal with the deaths of both her mother, and one of her sisters by age 11. This only served to create a sense of "agnosticism that would later bolster her faith in science," ["Marie Curie," Minist're des Affaires "trang'res de la R'publique Francaise, 1.] however. Despite the many setbacks that seemed to litter her childhood, Marie persevered. In spite of the long hours she spent helping cook meals for the boarders that her family had taken in, at age 15, Marie won a medal for excellence at her high school, where the examinations where administered in Russian. She dreamed of someday becoming a scientist, something that was not socially-acceptable for women to do in Poland in the 1880's."

Tags:polonium, radioactivity, radium

Abstract
The paper defines types of ballistics and goes into depth on terminal ballistics, velocity, and one-stop shots. The author discusses the effects and actions of the projectile upon impact of a target specifically the human body. What happens when a bullet strikes human flesh? Dismisses several theories in the field using FBI research.

From the Paper
"The study of the firing of projectiles, their flight and how they strike a target is called ballistics. There are several categories of ballistics including internal ballistics, external or exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Internal ballistics is concerned with the behavior of the bullet or projectile from the moment it is fired until it leaves the gun barrel. Exterior ballistics deals with the flight of a projectile after it leaves the barrel. One major effect of the bullet's flight is the pull of gravity, which causes the bullet to immediately drop after leaving the barrel and fly on a parabolic path. Terminal ballistics however, is concerned with when the bullet hits a target and the effects produced by that bullet."

Tags:criminalistics, forensic, range, science, velocity, criminal, justice

Abstract
This paper provides a definition of "acid rain" and how it is formed. It looks at the dangers of acid rain and the damage it is doing to the environment. It briefly examines options and programs that can be performed to reduce acid rain.

From the Paper
"The term "acid rain" is a little misleading. Rain is naturally acidic, from both carbon dioxide in the air and absorption of chlorine from the ocean (Gordon, 2002). All compounds can be measured for acidity or alkalinity on a Ph scale ranging from 0 - 14, with anything below 7 showing at least slight acidity. Rain is judged "acid" when its Ph falls below 5. (Gordon, 2002) Environmental scientists are concerned because in some parts of our country, the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels. This has had a serious impact in several areas, including our forests in the northeast and many of our most valued monuments."

Tags:environment, chemical, damage, sulphar, dioxide, foil, forest, soil, pollution

From the Paper
"Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder characterized by an inability of the body to utilize one of the constituents of a normal diet- phenylalanine (PHE), which is one of the essential amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized within the body. It means that they have to be taken in from the foods. PHE is found in all protein foods such as meat, eggs, fish, milk, cheese, and so forth. "

Tags:acid, amino, dna, enzyme, metabolism, mutation, pha, phe, phenylpyruvic, pheoh, proteins, trysosoine, tyrosine

Abstract
This paper discusses the results and conclusions from a chemistry experiment about the preparation and reversible oxygenation of the Co(II)(salen) complex.

From the Paper
"The tetradentate N,N'-bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediimine 3, SalenH2, was prepared by the Schiff's base condensation of salicylaldehyde 1 and ethylenediamine 2 via the elimination of water1. SalenH2 3, was then used to prepare the red inactive form of the complex N,N'-bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediimino)cobalt(II) 4, Co(salen).
The inactive form of Co(salen) 4, consists of dimeric units in which the cobalt atom of one molecule interacts with an oxygen atom lone pair of the second molecule1. The inactive form of Co(salen) was investigated in DMSO in which oxygen is rapidly absorbed. The binding of the oxygen to cobalt was measured and was found that one mole of oxygen bound to two moles of cobalt. Values of the ratio for oxygen to cobalt are dependent on the nature of the ligands, temperature and solvents."

Tags:base, condensation, dimeric, schiff, units, science, experiment, lab, report

From the Paper
"The reaction of salicylaldehyde 1 with diethyl malonate 2 was reacted in a basic environment with piperidine 3. The reaction was a base catalysed condensation which also involved a transesterification step to produce 3-carbethoxycoumarin 4. The purification of 3-carbethoxycoumarin 4 was achieved through filtration. The experiment was successful with the product being identified as 3-carbethoxycioumarin 4; it was identified as such through its' melting point, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR."

Tags:fused, heterocycle, ring

From the Paper
"Cleaved and uncleaved solutions of PVOH were involved in viscosity measurements. These measurements were undertaken so as to determine the molecular weight of the PVOH solutions. The apparatus constant for the Ostwald viscometer was calculated to be 1.435 x 10-4. The specific viscosity was also determined and used to plot graphs of hsp/c vs. c, and 1/c ln h/ho vs. c. From these plots the intrinsic viscosity was extrapolated to a concentration of zero.

The values of the molecular weights were averaged and reported for both the uncleaved and cleaved product. The values obtained for Mv were 26,731.3 g/mol and 4615.4 g/mol, respectively. The values obtained for Mn were 14145.6 g/mol and 2442 g/mol, respectively. The values obtained for D for all the graphs was 5.89 x 10-3."

Tags:ostwald, viscometer

Abstract
This paper examines one particular chemical, dopamine, to determine its role in the regulation of mood, as well as its effects in cases of chemical imbalance. This paper is intended to provide a scientific look at the molecule. Several scientific tests are examined and cited. The author, in examining dopamine, also covers a wide variety of related topics, including alcohol and drug addiction.

From the Paper
" Feeling well is important to everyone. Countless books, lectures, and small groups exist only to help people feel good about themselves. The state of happiness is controlled by many different factors, some that are external to an individual, and some that are internal. External factors would be any of those that occur outside of the individual, such as career related stress, status of relationships, and even the realization of some goal or accomplishment. Internally, or biologically, there are also many things that influence happiness and well-being. These biological factors can respond to external stimuli, or in the case of chemical imbalances, have configurations that are not controlled by any stimuli, but seem to act on their own. "

Tags:analyze, biology, chemistry, dopamine, medical, neurotransmitter, science, test

From the Paper
"Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.


General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."