Abstract
This paper states some of the history of scalping has been misconstrued to serve political purposes; nonetheless, scalping was practiced and was documented by both Indians and white settlers. Scalping was widely used as form of torture and as a type of trophy. Historians are beginning to discover that white men helped spread the act of scalping throughout North America.

From the Paper
"A scalping, by definition, is when the circular patch of skin and hair found at the crown of someone's head is removed. An incision, circular, was usually made around the base of the hairline then pulled off the "fleshy layer of the skull". (Parker, 304) Once this was done, there were several options for the use of the scalp, depending on the significance of the particular scalp, and depending on the beliefs of that particular tribe."

Tags:indians, torture, trophy, practice, dance, medicine, society, settlers, french, military, survivors

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of issues related to transracial foster care and adoption.The issues outlined here include those of identity and role-modeling, and the ability of parents to understand fully the experiences of their child of a different race. A review of the relevant literature on racial identity is provided.

From the Paper
"A multiracial/cross racial/transracial foster care arrangement can be described as one in which there is a "foster care arrangement for a child who is of a different racial heritage than the individual or individuals who are providing the foster care." (Kenny)
Closely related to the issue of transracial foster care is transracial adoption. Transracial adoption presents the same kinds of problems as does transracial foster care. Children of ethnic minorities who are adopted by white parents do not have a minority role-model in the immediate family to look up to, and therefore may be more influenced by the wider society's devaluation of their ethnic identity. Development of a strong ethnic or racial identity will be hampered by not growing up in a home where the parents and siblings are members of that same group. Additionally, white parents will never be able to fully understand discrimination in the way that minority parents can, and therefore, however well intentioned they may be, they will never be able to provide the kind of support and advice regarding societal discrimination that adoptive parents of the same race would be able to provide."

Tags:race, discrimination, parenting, identity, role-model, NABSW, welfare

Abstract
A paper which discusses the Middle East conflict between Israel and the Palestinians and the urgent need for intervention by a third party due to the mistrust between the leaders of both sides. The paper shows that the true victims of this conflict are the innocent populations who are harmed because Arafat and Sharon cannot reach an agreement.

From the Paper
"BBC reporter Kathryn Westcott reports a chilling trend among young teens who emulate their elders and perform suicide bombings. The military action in the West Bank has had the effect that 600,000 children have been unable to attend school. Television propaganda enrages the children and they are now beginning to take part in the violence. We must remember that children learn more by our actions than our words and we can only blame ourselves when a 14-year-old runs into a crowded mall of other school children and pulls the pin on the grenade. Some so-called "Freedom Fighters" are even recruiting children to do their dirty work."

Tags:Freedom, Fighters, Elias, Tuma, West, Bank, terrorism

Abstract
A paper which examines the Yanomami people - a remote tribe in the Tropical Forest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. The paper shows their customs and culture and focuses on their system of cross-cultural marriage which follows a bilateral cross-cousin marriage system. The paper also discusses Napoleon A. Chagnon, a young American ethnographer who brought the knowledge of Yanomamo ethnography to the world.

From the Paper
"The practice of infanticide is practiced in their culture. This is one of the reasons why there are more males than women. If a female is born she is killed at birth. They feel that women are inferior. Some Yanomamo women kill their infant because they fear the wrath of their husbands for having a female baby. The Yanomano may choke the baby with a vine, suffocating the infant by placing a stick across her nose, or slamming her against a tree. "

Tags:Tropical, Forest, foot, people, Kinship, endogamy, Polygymy, anthropologist

Abstract
This paper gives a brief history of immigration to the U.S. and discusses whether "religious pluralism", a term used by Diana Eck in her book to describe America's "melting pot" of various Western and Eastern religions, serves as a unifying factor to the Americans (native peoples or immigrants) or not, especially in the light of the events of September 11, 2001.

From the Paper
"In the first chapter of her book, Eck provides a brief summary of the historical background of the new surge of immigrants, and thus, the new surge of different Western and Eastern religions in the US. She further tells her readers that this surge of new immigrants, and the increased diversity of the religious and cultural traditions of America, started when the US government encouraged immigration of people from all over the world into the United States, as mandated by the new 1965 Immigration Act. This act paved the way for Asian, Arabs, and other nationalities in Eastern and Pacific Island nations to take part into the country's opportunities as the "land of the free." "

Tags:911 culture tradition democratic state christianity islam judaism, buddhism hinduism

Abstract
A paper which shows how black women have been treated as objects throughout the history of American society. Beginning from when they were brought on slave ships, black women's bodies have never been their own. Even throughout the present day, black women remain the subject of exploitation from white and black men alike. The paper includes references from movies, essays and books.

From the Paper
"African American women were never able to fully enjoy that which made them women. The idea of demure, virginal beings has never been used to refer to their traits, by whites. Instead, throughout history, black women have been characterized as sexual predators, on the prowl , with seduction and lust on their minds. In the U.S., these beliefs have been re-designed and often disguised, but their impact is emblazed in the hearts and minds of black women. These perceptions caused deep wounds that were passed from generation to generation, much the same as hair or eye color, and as a result produced the instinctive "secret". This secret is the sexual exploitation of black women and the construction of them as sexual beings that has endured throughout American history. "Sexual abuse, assault, rape is so much a part of our history that it is a historical fact" (Dash, "Daughters of the Dust Dialogue" pg. 50). This secret has moved with us, always resurfacing and playing out in our history. Even so, black women never allowed themselves to let this limit their progress. While the story of sexual mistreatment and abuse of black women is one of pain and hurt, it also shows the intense strength and endurance of the black woman and how black women overcome this manipulation."

Tags:sexual, Daughters, of, the, Dust, Peazants, Reconstruction, Era

Abstract
This paper looks at the fundamental Islamic movement of Al Qaeda, founded and run by Osama bin Laden. It examines the success of the movement and support it receives from various groups, nations and statesmen. The writer analyzes the goals and objectives of this movement and how they plan to execute their missions.

From the Paper
"Al Qaeda was literally built as a combination of the hard core of extreme principles, first-rate financial accommodation, and uncluttered deadly force action plan to subdue any obstruction and opposing parties to accomplish the victory of the ideology. Beyond the protection of Osama bin Laden's influential fellow persons of the world, the organization found its perfect environment to grow beyond international reach, and work on the dangerous mission to vital target situations, which had involved thousands of deaths and injuries of the innocents."

Tags:jihad, islam, fundamental, fanatic, osama, bin, laden, terror, network, cell, saudi, king

From the Paper
"The essence of Hasidism is both its orthodoxy and its passion. Although there are many sects of Hasidic Jews, they all share the fundamental idea that the soul must be on fire for the creator, not for anything else. It is the creator who is at the center of life and all of life is lived in accordance with principles, commandments, and guidelines that have been long-established as likely to lead the community closer to the time of the messiah and the beginning of heaven on earth. With this as its goal, the child-rearing practices of Hasidic families differ from the average American family in many ways. The goal is to mold an observant Hasidic Jew, with understanding of his..."

Tags:JEWISH, STUDIES, FAMILY, MARRIAGE

From the Paper
"This research paper discusses the cultures of Native American peoples as they existed during the creation of the American nation from 1775 to 1815. It focuses upon the traditional cultures of the Eastern Woodlands Indians, the Iroquois in the North, the Algonquian Shawnee in the Northwest Territory and the Muskhogean Creek Confederacy in the Deep South and Gulf region.
Over the centuries, a plethora of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi evolved and developed a wide diversity of cultural institutions and patterns of life, uniquely adapted and attuned to their natural environment and historical circumstances. All of them were significantly disrupted and altered by contact with European settlers. By the time of the American Revolution, most of the Algonquian tribes in New England and other Indians along..."

From the Paper
"During World War II, the United States interned Japanese residents of the Western states in internment camps such as that at Manzanar in California. The reason was indicated in Executive Order 9066, signed in 1942 by President Roosevelt to give authority to the War Department to define military areas in the western states and to exclude anyone who might be seen as threatening the war effort (Houston and Houston xi-xii). Japanese living in the Western states were seen as potential subversives and were summarily removed to camps to prevent this. The camps operated until after the surrender of Japan, though the U.S. Supreme Court ruled at the end of 1944 that loyal citizens could not be held in detention camps against their will (Houston and Houston, 1973, xii). The United States was wrong to place any Japanese who had not committed any offense into..."