Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the Crusades, the military expeditions which Christians undertook from the eleventh to the thirteenth century to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. The author examines how and why Christian soldiers of the middle ages believed that the sole motive was to regain the Holy Land in the name of God, and the roles of key figures such as Richard the Lionheart and numerous church officials.

From the Paper
"Many Christians during the middle ages were eager to undertake violent challenges to fight for God's cause. Their opportunity availed itself in the form of the Crusades. The Crusades can be defined as ?any of the military expeditions which Christians undertook from the eleventh to the thirteenth century to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. Between the years 1095 through 1291 Christian popes initiated these military attacks against the Muslim peoples who had taken over the holy city of Jerusalem and other places associated with the earthly life of Christ. There were seven major Crusades and although the Knights of Europe fought them with great passion, they can be considered a failure when one observes that the original goal was to regain the Holy Land ."

Tags:christian, crusade, holy, jerusalem, muslim, pope, war, lionheart

Abstract
In this five-page paper the writer explores the book "The Bluest Eyes" by Tony Morrison and examines the theme of the story and attempts to explain why it occurs. The characters of the book are explored, as are the era and lifestyle of the characters
From the paper:

"This nation has come a long way in its effort to stamp out racism, but we still have a long way to go. Decades ago even though slavery was long gone the African American population in this nation was still made to feel substandard. There were "black neighborhoods," and "black schools," and "black water fountains" everywhere we looked. It was a not so subtle slap in the face to a race that had been proclaimed "equal" with the abolishment of slavery and then the amendments to the United States Constitution."

Tags:race, culture, literature, segregation

Abstract
In this paper the author examines the trading routes of the Roman Empire and how changes in them led to the rise of Islam. The author pays particular attention to the development of Islam in Africa and how it remains a great influence in African society even in this modern day.

From the paper:

"Islam offered a number of attractions within Africa. Its fundamental teaching that all Muslims are equal within the community of believers made the acceptance of conquerors and new rulers easier. The Islamic tradition of uniting the powers of the state and religion in the person of the ruler or caliph appealed to some African kings as a way of reinforcing their authority."

Tags:Rise, Islam, Trading, Routes, Africa, Religion, Roman, Empire, Axum, Kushite, Empire, Rome, Nobatae, Meroitic, Blemmyes, Christianity, Nubia, Berbers, Nilotic

Abstract
This paper mainly discusses the idea of Holocaust denial and the people who follow this practice and how they support their ideas with the views of Deborah Lipstadt and her rebuttal.

From the paper:

"?Modern Holocaust denial draws inspiration from a variety of sources? (Lipstadt 31). The Holocaust Deniers, or more appropriately called ?revisionist? historians, and historians of the traditional school seem to differ greatly in their methodologies as shown when they use the same piece of evidence in two separate manners to come to two completely different conclusions."

Tags:deniers, holocaust, ii, lipstadt, revisionists, war, world

Abstract
This paper studies different culture and their absorption into North American culture. It studies cultural justice,by taking a close look at the identity of different cultures. It details where the culture finds its value, what the traditions that make it rich are, and what values are held in the highest value. It defines the term authenticity and studies its meaning with context to North America. It discusses different cultures such as: African-Americans, North Americans, Chines, Italian and more.

From the Paper
"Cultural identity, that which defines an individual's heritage, belief system and values within the larger framework of society, is distinguished by tradition, ritual, language and history. In studying cultural justice, the responsibility to not only understand and embrace cultural differences, but also to discourage and dissuade cultural prejudices, particularly negative ones, one must take a close look at a culture's identity. Where does the culture find its value? What are the traditions that make it rich? What values are held in the highest esteem? There is a tendency, particularly in a multi-cultural society such as ours, for individuals who identify with a particular culture, to shed their ethnic or cultural values and to embrace those typical of the North American lifestyle. Some say this is necessary in order to create a viable North American culture. Others would argue that the richness of various cultural identities is what makes our culture so attractive."

Tags:authenticity, culture, society, North, America, identity, heritage, ethnic, values

Abstract
A brief comparison of the way people live in both China and India. It shows that both countries do not provide equal opportunities for their women - Communism and the caste system. In China the emphasis is on a good education and striving for hard work while in India most of the population is illiterate. The writer suggests that while both countries are densely populated their attitude towards life are very different.

From the Paper
"The cultures of India and China share some similarities, yet are vastly different when answering the question of how ideally a person should live their life. India, as a country, embraces the diversity of their people, and lives peacefully despite the different religions that coexist. The country supports a large population that is estimated at over 1 billion people. The people of India speak thousands of languages, practice nearly every religion imaginable, and oddly enough still incorporate the caste system. China similarly supports a 1-billion+ population, along with social classes, but more emphasis is placed on being male, and receiving higher education. Communism has been a very intrusive government system, which has dramatically influenced the everyday way of life in China."

Tags:caste, government, communism, china, india, social, religion, society, women, feminism

Abstract
The following book review examines the true treatment of Native Americans in California at that time of the California Gold Rush. It is a testament to the fact that folklore and tales can be embellished for many years with little accuracy. The book details and documents provable facts that should alert any future white person that it can happen, and did happen in the United States.

From the Paper
"Throughout history, authors have used their works to convey emotion or a principle or moral that they felt strongly about. One of the best illustrations of this type of literary work is in, 'Exterminate Them' : Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape, and Slavery of Native Americans During the California Gold Rush, 1848-1868 ,by Clifford E. Trafzer (Editor), and Joel R. Hyer (Editor). In this work, the authors detail many of the horrors that were faced by the Native American, while the white man moved through the state of California, and industrialized it and changed it to their liking."

Tags:true, story, treatment, Native, Americans, white, settlers, discover, riches, wonder, California, rob, land, indians

Abstract
The following paper examines how the Amish are known to live non-resistant lives, and follow the teachings in the Bible in a literal sense. The writer takes a look at their detachment from the world outside Amish communities and discusses how this detachment is practiced through simple living, a trait notable of the Amish people

From the Paper
In the 1690 s, they broke away from their organization, the Swiss Mennonites, and created a new group in the leadership of Jacob Amman (from which the word, Amish originated). In the year 1727, went to America to escape religious prosecution in their homeland Switzerland during the Swiss Protestant Reformation. The Amish were being persecuted during that time because they are Anabaptists, people who do not believe in infant baptism (Amish people are baptized only when they reach the age of 18). Aside from the United States, the Amish also went to Central America and Canada. At present, there are large communities of Amish people living in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, and Illinois

Tags:German, dialect, agricultural, community, indigenous, group, original, inhabitants, localities, antithetical, product-centered, infusion, technological, secular, values

Abstract
The following paper examines the extent of bureaucratic participation in the final solution in the Second World War in Germany. The second part of this paper seeks to identify the state of mind of German civil servants, which turned pen pushers, technocrats and professionals into earnest, but remote, agents of mass murder.

From the Paper
"Reflection on the Holocaust invariably dwells on the subject of how it could have happened. This is, however, a dual question. In the first respect, it concerns the mechanical means by which the final solution was implemented, that is, the ways in which Jews and others were defined as destined for the death camps, physically identified, gathered for transportation to a relocation center, transported to the camps, processed upon arrival at the camps, murdered, and their bodies and belongings finally disposed of. Since it is almost inconceivable how such an operation could have been performed by people in dispassionate frames of mind - although it must have been, since it is impossible to kill so many as six million people in episodic fits of murderous rage - the question involves a second dimension, which is the nature of the mentality of those who participated, both directly and indirectly, in the extermination process."

Tags:identification, Jews, technology, concentration, camp, death, Nazi, campaign, injustices, euthanasia, program

Abstract
This paper examines the historical context of these two ethnic cleansing genocides that occurred in the late twentieth century. It looks at lessons the world should have learned from the Holocaust in World War II and analyzes the United Nations' involvement and role in preventing these atrocities.

From the Paper
"Many people who lived through World War II will never forget the sights of thousands of Jewish bodies thrown into mass graves after the Nazi Holocaust. To most people it was unimaginable- the extent of the death and destruction. Winston Churchill called it a "crime that has no name" (www.un.org 2001). Winston Churchill was correct in his observation. Despite the numerous occurrences in history, the word "genocide" as a legal term and an international sanction did not exist until 1951 (www.un.org 2001). It was 1951 that the U.N. made a treaty defining and criminalizing genocide, entitled The Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In the last fifty years, the world has witnessed many horrendous massacres of civilian populations, in Cambodia, Bangladesh, and elsewhere, for which the political will was lacking to organize a war crimes tribunal. Now, the international climate supports the creation of the first two war crimes tribunals since the Nazi's at Nuremburg, those for Rwanda and Kosovo."

Tags:crimes, genocide, kosovo, nations, rwanda, tribunal, united, war