Abstract The paper introduces archaeology, and explains that the concept of dating is central to the science of archaeology. Two broad categories of dating, relative and absolute, are introduced, and four major specific types of dating are presented to the reader; stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. Each of the four methods are discussed in great detail, each with a closing paragraph devoted to the underlying problems with that particular method. For example, the section on stratigraphy begins with a brief history of the method itself, and introduces such concepts as the law of superposition, temporal sequences of data within stratified deposits, context evaluation, and determining age through the relative position of superimposed artifacts. The negatives of stratigraphy are then discussed, and include deformation, overlapping and reverse stratigraphy, and the method is evaluated on the whole. This format is then applied to the other three types of dating discussed. Finally, a concluding paragraph states that although the four types of dating discussed are infinitely valuable to archaeologists all over the world, there are still problems associated with each that need to be accounted for when using them to address the age of fossilized remains and other artifacts.
From the Paper "Archaeology is the study of past human cultures, and archaeologists must uncover and interpret material remains in order to reconstruct past ways of life. To understand the purposes of these remains, Archaeologists have the task of constructing a chronology of prehistory, using various dating methods. ?Without knowing the age of materials, little can be said about the activity that made them part of the site (David L. Webster, Susan Toby Evans & William T. Sanders, 1993: 128).? Dating is defined as the placement in time of events relative to one another or to any established scale of temporal measurement (Jeffrey S. Dean, 1981: 375). Dating methods used by Archaeologist incorporate the scientific method and have the advantages of objectification, application to isolated cultural sequences, and an expanded span of human prehistory for which an absolute chronology can be built (Keith Brannigan, 1974: 100-101). Scientific methods of dating are invaluable for the prehistoric periods and have revolutionized the archaeologists? ideas about the absolute chronology of the prehistoric culture sequence (Brannigan, 1974: 101), yet each of these scientific methods has many difficulties. Dating techniques fall into two categories"relative and absolute"and include the following: seriation, ceramic dating, potassium argon dating, thermoluminescence dating, archaeomagnetic dating, fission track dating, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. This paper will discuss the latter four methods, with an emphasis on the shortcomings of each."
Abstract This paper examines aggressive sexual behavior as it occurs in dating situations among young adults. The author presents salient statistics showing how widespread this problem is. The paper further describes the combinations of interactions in which dating violence may happen. The paper discusses dating violence toward boys, as well as girls.
Outline:
Dating Violence and Its Prevalence
Dating and Dating Violence, Sexual in Nature
Men Upset more by Sexual infidelity; Women, by Emotional Infidelity
Young Women at a Greater Risk of Victimization
A Most Fatal Consequence: STDs
But Boys Get Victimized, Too
From the Paper " There is a difference in the motivation for aggression between the genders. Evolutionary psychology has argued that men are more upset by their partner's sexual infidelity than women are but that women are more upset by their partner's emotional infidelity than are men (Forbes 2005). It identified jealousy as the proximal cause of relationship violence. It would, then, expect men to engage in more frequent and severe relationship violence in response to sexual infidelity than to emotional infidelity. In contract, women would resort to more frequent and severe relationship violence on account of emotional infidelity (Forbes et al)."
Tags:dating, date, rape, sexual, aggression, violence, against, women
Abstract This paper discusses the topic of dating in the United States and shows how technology has affected dating in the last 50 years. The paper shows the impact of technology during this period on dating patterns of "young adults", namely, those aged 13-30, depending on the social norm of the decade. Dating has always been a ritual by which young adults find themselves and discover their sexuality while trying out potential long-term mates. The paper explains that, today, dating has changed considerably due to advances in technology, such as films, MTV, and the Internet.
From the Paper "The partners no longer need to be in the same room, car, or theater, they can be hundreds of miles away from each other and still date online. They can view films together, listen to the same music, and play games all over the Internet. They can chat whenever they want via Instant Messenger or email. The Internet has taken dating to another level, and has proved to be an excellent way for people to meet other people with the same interests and ideals."
Abstract This paper offers a definition of dating violence and provides examples of incidents of dating violence. The paper also examines evidence concerning the extent of dating violence and looks at suggested ways of coping how to deal with it. Additionally, the paper discusses the underlying motivation of dating violence.
Abstract The paper examines the issue of date rape, noting that it is not new, but that in the past authorities often viewed the victim as at least partially responsible for putting herself in the situation in the first place. The paper adds that also a reasonable doubt might be raised by the fact that the rapist and the victim were on a date at the time, so that a defense might be made that crossed signals were at fault rather than criminal intent. "
From the Paper "Rape has long been addressed by the criminal justice system as a crime, though how assiduously the system raises the issue and makes its case depends on a variety of circumstances and prevailing social attitudes. More recently, attitudes have changed so that claims of date rape are taken more seriously, and in addition, today there are certain drugs used for date rape and acquaintance rape, adding to the problem."
Abstract This paper discusses online dating websites and addresses the frequently asked question of "Do these websites have a negative impact on their users?" Some research studies have shown that such websites cause individuals to withdraw from their lives off-line and isolate them from family and friends. Other research argues that online communities simply expand the social arena available to individuals. This paper examines the research on both sides of the argument.
From the Paper "The reach and interactivity of the Internet has allowed websites that bring people together to flourish. Online dating and match-making services have become highly lucrative businesses. But have these online dating communities come at the cost of true, old-fashioned human interaction? Does the Internet isolate individuals from their "real-life" communities, or does it simply expand our ideas about what a community really is?"
Abstract This is an anthropological paper rooted in discussions with university students of different East Asian origins, mainly in Toronto. The paper refers to literature that tends to criticize cultural conflicts and those of generations, whereas students appreciate some aspects of their families of origin and note how Toronto offers many choices due to large, well-established East Asian communities. The writer points out that students were more inclined to joke about tradition and parents' ideas, than to complain about them. The writer also discusses dating, a 20th century phenomenon in East Cultures, that takes on forms of its own and can be superior to other social life for students.
From the Paper "For a Canadian post-secondary student of East Asian origin this paper was interesting to research. It is clear that young people of East Asian heritage gain other views of proper social life than in the day of their parents or grandparents. The 20th century saw the creation of a new courtship in East Asian countries and cultures as explained in Kendall's study of Korean cultural change. If one sees a broader world of Chinese-influenced cultures that are very old, it is predictable that some ideas linger and students who contributed to this paper did not see them as binding or 'bad'."
Abstract Radioactive dating is the process of determining the age of rocks and other specimens from the decay of their radioactive elements. By applying this information, geologists are able to decipher the 4.6-billion-year history of the earth. The paper introduces the history of this type of dating in chronological order. It discusses other issues related to radioactive dating such as Carbon-14 dating, fission track dating, Potassium Argon Dating, the Rubidium-Strontium method, lead-alpha age and debated ideas of radioactive dating.
From the Paper "Cosmic rays from the sun strike nitrogen 14 atoms in the earth's atmosphere and cause nitrogen atoms to lose a proton making it a carbon isotope this then turns into radioactive carbon 14, which combines with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide. All living things are in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and the radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and used by green plants. Then the radioactive carbon dioxide gets passed on through the plants into the food chain and the carbon cycle. All living things contain a constant ratio of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 of about 1 in a trillion. The amount of carbon 14 lost in a species is continually replenished as long as it still takes in food and oxygen. At death, the exchange of carbon 14 ceases and any that is left in the tissues of the organism begins to decay to Nitrogen 14, this is not replenished by any new C-14. The change in the Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 ratio is the basis for dating this dating technique. The half-life is so short (5730 years) that this method can only be used on materials less than 70,000 years old. A lot of archaeological dating uses this method. It is also very useful in attempting to date remnants of the ice ages (Pleistocene epoch.)"
Tags: Marie, Pierre, Curie, Clair, Patterson, U, 235, atom
Abstract This paper begins by defining the term ?dating violence? followed by the scope of problems associated with the issue. Furthermore, the paper discusses the risk factors involved in dating violence as well as the early warning signs. The paper further highlights the characteristics of both the victims and the perpetrators and what can be done about the issue. The paper then discusses the myths and realities associated to dating violence, backed by statistics and the recent findings by some of the best experts in the related field the research paper.
Table of Contents
Definition of Dating Violence
Genres of Dating Violence
Dating Violence: Indicators
Conclusion
From the Paper "Violence has many forms and every form is formidable. Heated debate and ongoing extensive research shows the alarmingly increasing rate of dating violence all over the world. In order to well comprehend the issue, it is essential to know the definition as well as the significant information regarding the subject.
"Dating violence has been defined in the following manner:
1) Dating violence can be defined as an error, a threat or a crime committed by one person of an unmarried couple on the other person according to the laws/statements related to dating relationship. Such violence includes any type of sexual abuse, physical violence, verbal or demonstrative abuse. (Sugarman)."
Abstract A paper which explains the beginning of radioactive dating - a process which can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began. The paper explores the progression of this method and its uses today, as well as discusses different methods that are used, other than carbon-12, such as potassium or argon dating.
From the Paper "Many view radioactivity as the end of the world in the event of a nuclear war. With its astonishing power, radioactivity could perhaps destroy and thus end the world. What many don't know about radioactivity is that is has the potential to tell scientists the age - or the beginning - of the Earth. Quite ironically, radioactivity could very well be responsible for both showing the beginning and the ending of Earth. A process called radiometric dating can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began."
Abstract Films help to define customs in dating and better allow a more detailed entry into what consists of the expectations of dating. Two films in particular are discussed in this paper in order to better explore the stages of dating up through the completion of the ritual in marriage. These films are "Notting Hill" (1999) and "The Bachelor" (1999). The exploration of these films helps to define and describe the rituals that are found in dating, especially in relation to rituals and social expectations.
A discussion of the Moschophoros statue in the Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece, comparing it with other statues in order to support the generally accepted date of its creation.
Abstract This paper discusses the Moschophoros statue in the Acropolis Museum in Athens, which has been dated to around 560 BC by scholars. The writer compares the Moschophoros to a number of representative Kouroi and Korai, whose dates have been more or less determined, and considers how his eyes, ears, mouth, lips and torso compare with the artistic developments in the 2nd quarter of the 6th century BC, demonstrating that a date of around 560 BC is secure within 5-10 years. By also comparing the representation of clothing on the Moschophoros with the Kore form, this date is further reaffirmed. This paper contains figures.
From the Paper "The Moschophoros has suffered some damage over the years, most of which was likely caused by the Persian sacking of Athens in 479/80. Moschophoros' genitals are missing from the sculpture because a good share of the front side of his left leg from roughly the left hip down to the shinbone is gone. His right hand is completely broken off just above the wrist and his left hand is partially broken off. The calf's left hind leg is partly missing in the same breakage as his left hand's demise; the calf's right front leg swings around Moschophoros' neck and is partially lost in the breakage that is centred at the centre of the chest of Moschophoros."
Abstract Examines the phenomenon of date rape on college campuses. Reactions and responses to date rape. Effect on clinical practice. How and why date rape happens. Feminist theories. Gender roles. Availability of rape targets. Goals of counseling programs, including sex education and awareness programs, challenging sexual attitudes, behavior and communication styles.
From the Paper "Introduction
Historically, the word "rape" has transfigured from meaning to act in haste, to meaning to seizing someone else's property violently, to meaning sexual intercourse occurring without the consent of one of the people involved, primarily using force or deception (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989). This most current meaning creates a picture of a stranger lurking in the bushes on a dark night, breaking into a house, or kidnapping a victim in a car to take them someplace else to rape, and possibly kill. While these types of attacks are very real, they are only a part of the entire picture of rape. According to one study by the National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, 92 percent of adolescent rape victims were acquainted with their attackers. Other studies estimate that at least 50 to 75 percent ..."
Abstract This paper examines how both carbon-14 and uranium-238 are used to date fossils and how both methods are based on measuring the decay that has occurred in these elements. It looks at how carbon-14 dating is used for organic material, plants and animals, while uranium-238 is used primarily for geographic formations. It also discusses how both methods of dating are subject to potential sample contamination and, therefore, inaccurate readings; the addition of foreign material in both types of samples can provide either younger or older results, dependent on the material.
From the Paper "Radioactive elements decay at unique rates, dependant on the isotope. This rate of decay is known as half-lives, it is the time necessary for ? of the atoms to decay in a particular element. The decay follows a geometric scale, in that in the first half-life of an element, ? of the atoms decay, yet in the second half-life, ? of those remaining decay, meaning a ? of the original atoms decay, and so forth. By measuring this decay, and knowing the half life of an element, scientists can date a sample."
Abstract Date rape is a serious social issue, which must be addressed appropriately. This paper discusses how it is important to first develop a clear and absolute definition of date rape to protect men from false accusations and to protect women from sexual victimization on dates. It explains that this definition is needed so women can realize when things are proceeding in the wrong direction and take some action to stop it, while men can proceed cautiously and shield themselves from false allegations that next morning.
From the Paper "Date rape is a less technical term for acquaintance rape where offender is identified as a non-relative whom the victim knew personally. However the extent of this relationship may vary from case to case. In some cases, the offender and victim may have been on first date when the incident occurred while in others, they might be in steady relationship. Vast body of research on the subject reveals that date rape is a common social problem that is not limited exclusively to college students. Women of all age groups have experienced sexual coercion by a male acquaintance on a date. Pineau (1989) defines date rape as ?non-aggravated sexual assault, nonconsensual sex that does not involve physical injury, or the explicit threat of physical injury" (Pineau 217). Still date rape is a vaguely defined crime: one factor that has contributed to its growth."
