Abstract
This paper considers heterogenity, openness, scalability, security, concurrency, failure handling and transparency in distributed databases. It defines "distributed databases." The paper provides an analysis of its benefits and looks at productivity gains and security issues.

From the Paper
"As its name suggests a distributed database is a collection of data that is located in several different physical locations-that is distributed over several resources-while operating as a single logical database. This provides system managers the ability to distribute the database over multiple systems depending on system resources and to use either local or wide area networks to access the data. When this type of database configuration is used there are obviously many different factors that need to be taken into account ..."

Tags:distributed, databases

Abstract
This paper examines the concept of abstract authentication in federated database systems and the difficulties presented because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. It looks at how one proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject and how this translation may be problematic due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. It proposes using proximity measures between requested and provided access and presents two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects. It also explores the concepts relating to federated databases, authorization and access, and proposes some algorithms that will facilitate the subject switching method of reconciling access requirements.

Outline
Section 1
Abstract
Background
Introduction
Characteristics of Federated Databases
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Databases
Agents
Agents and Meaning
Perspective
Types of Meaning
Semantics Versus Pragmatics
Context
Coverage of Communicative Acts
Mental Versus Social Agency
Section 2
Federated Database Systems and Autonomy
Design Autonomy
Communication Autonomy
Execution Autonomy
Association Autonomy
Authorization Autonomy
Distribution Transparency (i.e., Schema Integration)
Tightly Coupled
Limited Tight Coupling
Loosely Coupled
Federated Database Security
Authorization
Standards for Authentication
Decentralized vs. Centralized Authorization
Access Controls
User Based Access Control (UBAC)
Policy Based Access Control
Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
Context Based Access Control (CBAC)
View Based Access Control (VBAC)
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Section 3
Subject Switching
Subject Mapping Algorithms
Mapping Process
Federation Mapping Process
Federation Identity
Component Mapping Process
Minimum Disparity Measure
Mapping Algorithm
Create Object Sets
Identify Component Subjects
Evaluate Matching Subjects
Access Disparity Measures
Numerical Disparity Measure
Comparing Disparity Measures to Approximate Measures
Approximate Disparity Measure Comparison
Motivating Example
Access Compatibility Measures and Algorithms
Compatibility of Permissions and their Disparity Measures
Cardinality
Express Specification
Section 4
Metrics
Algorithm 1 (Least Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 2 (Least Over Permitting Algorithm)
Approximations: Metrics And Mappings
Approximate Mapping Algorithms
Algorithm 3 (Approximate Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 4 (Approximate Over Permitting Algorithm)
Properties of Algorithms 3 and Algorithm 4
Multilevel Federations
Non-Protected Database
Axioms
Deductive Channels Control Theorems
Signalling Channels Control Theorems
Cover Story
Multi-view Databases
Languages
Section 5
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References

From the Paper
"Heimbingner and McLeod coined the phrase Federated Database System in 1985, and Seth and Larson later confirmed the formal definition. While the term has been loosely used to refer to several different but related database systems, they more precisely and unanimously define it as a collection of cooperating but autonomous component database systems. [SL90] (According to Oszu 1999, semi-autonomous systems are termed federative DBMS). A federated database system represents a compromise between no integration, wherein users must explicitly interface with multiple autonomous databases, and total integration, where the autonomy of each distinct database is sacrificed in order to allow users access through a single global interface."

Tags:abstract, authentication, authorization, autonomy

Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between relational and object databases and the issues in storing objects in relational databases systems.

Preface
1. Introduction
2. Relational Databases
3. Object-Orientated Databases
4. Development and Design Issues
5. Security
6. Performance
7. Storing Objects in Relational Databases
8. Summary
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Since their inception, relational database management systems have been the most widely used database management systems today. Relational databases are favored in manipulating large amounts of data. The strong development of object-orientated programming languages has led to the emergence of object-oriented databases. Relational database models currently fail to satisfy the need of storing complex data types such as multimedia and CAD/CAM. Object oriented databases were designed to support these new trends in application development."

Tags:performance, storage

Abstract
This paper shows how the everyday contents of a personal wallet or purse comprises cards, memberships, registrations, and all kinds of information, which are based in various databases. Modern databases are used to collect and manage information, which affects virtually every area of contemporary life. For an example, the paper uses a person's credit card, by which personal and financial information are all stored in a variety of different databases.

From the Paper
"As in other new technological arenas, legal decisions lag behind technical developments. Ethics fill the gap as people negotiate how use of electronic information should proceed. The following notes define the broad ethical issues now being negotiated. Since laws deciding some aspects of these issues have been made, these notes should be read in conjunction with Legal Issues in Electronic Information Systems.
Ethics include moral choices made by individuals in relation to the rest of the community, standards of acceptable behavior, and rules governing members of a profession. The broad issues relating to electronic information systems include control of and access to information, privacy and misuse of data, and international considerations. All of these extend to electronic networks, electronic databases, and, more specifically, to geographic information systems."

Tags:legal, electronic, computer, technology, customer, reference

Abstract
This paper compares various databases: Access, SQL, MS SQL Server 2000, Oracle, DB2 and MySQL. The paper describes each database system, explaining which language it uses, what application it is best used for, and compares it to the other databases covered in this paper. The paper presents the advantages of using one database system over another one from a financial and technological point of view.

From the Paper
"Microsoft Office Access is a multi-user relational database management system. It is designed to allow user to quickly assemble, display, and share data with others while protecting the privacy of the data and ensuring to have full control over how the data is used and distributed. It makes use of visual design for queries, forms and reports for developing client-server database solutions. It is committed in offering integrated development environment, incremental compilation and interactive visual debugger, breakpoints and single step-through. Although the maximum database size is 1 GB, still database can include linked tables in other files and its total size is limited only by available storage capacity. The difference of Microsoft Access to other database is that it has a nice GUI that enables user to easily manage all information from a single database file. Within the file, user can use Tables for storing data, Queries for finding and retrieving data you want, Forms for view, add and update data within the table, Reports for analyzing or printing data and Data Access pages to view, update the database data."

Tags:microsoft, relational, multi, user

Abstract
This paper looks at how groupware, defined as the reliance of workgroups on collaborative online work areas, has changed the role of databases in organizations globally. The paper defines the differences and integration points between groupware and databases and then looks at the social aspects of online collaboration.

Outline:
Introduction
Groupware Defined
Progression of Groupware
Future of Groupware

From the Paper
"The progression of online workspaces has been accelerating as development of global work teams pervades the world's organizations. It is common to find work teams and new product development teams spanning three or more continents (Aurum, Daneshgar, Ward, 2008). At the foundation of these processes for managing work group workflows is the managing of knowledge and its classification into taxonomies that are relevant to the work team's needs (Denton, 2006). Groupware then concentrates on bringing the most relevant information to the process workflows of teams that may be in the same building or across continents. The critical aspect of these workflow processes is the ability to quickly define new taxonomies for managing information in multiple databases at the same time."

Tags:online, collaboration, workflows, taxonomies

Abstract
This paper compares a number of databases in terms of features for Access SQL, MS SQL Server 2000, Oracle, DB2, Informix and MySQL, emphasizing the differences found among these systems.

Abstract
This paper illustrates how the Finesstri database system is a custom built application which serves the needs of the YMCA staff and membership community. It examines how together with complete integration across multiple locations and the internet, this software solution was a wise choice for the YMCA. It looks at the technological advances since the implementation of the system such as keeping membership records, staying in contact with members regarding their status and informing them about upcoming promotions as well as the simplification of making membership cards with digital cameras.

From the Paper
"Another feature of the new system is Finesstri's ability to communicate with the YMCA's website. Those who wish to become members can use the YMCA's website to place their membership request, select payment method, etc. When a potential new member logs onto the website, and fills out the online registration application, Finesstri is able to write that information directly to the membership database, and set up all the necessary fields without manual data entry. In this internet age, this integration with the internet is an invaluable facet of the new software."

Tags:website, community, menbers

Abstract
The United States Navy uses several databases to enable it to function to the best of its capability. This paper presents information on a few of these databases, including the Navy Training Management and Planning System, which provides facilities of multiple funding, personnel, manpower, equipment, and training-course information databases in a single, integrated database. It also looks at the Navy Training Assessment System/General Training Management and Planning System (NTAS/GENTMPS), used since 1995 to train managers.

From the Paper
"Computer Sciences Corporation has a contract worth over $30 million with the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, to integrate software engineering software systems for the Navy Training Management and Planning System. The contract is for eight years. During this time NTMPS will be converted to a web-based system to allow users to develop special studies and reports - this way they can work strategically to meet certain naval challenges."

Tags:software, CNO, Missile, Defense

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the ethical and legal issues associated with both the creation and use of data in databases. Many databases contain private information about individuals, and the paper looks at the threat posed by the easy access to this information. The paper also mentions some measures that IT departments can take to help safeguard the information in their databases, but also notes the limitations to these measures.

From the Paper
"In the past, one could access the public records by traveling to the courthouse or to the government office. In recent years, however, a growing number of government agencies and court systems have made these records available on the Internet databases. It might be considered useful that the public can access government records easily via the Internet. But these open records can create havoc from the hands of miscreants, if they can access other related information from the databases. Many of the individuals, when gain the access from electronic public records, use these data for secondary purposes. The solution for IT is not to prohibit public records altogether from the Internet, but records should be selectively used so that public cannot gain access to the confidential information. IT department can, instead, use some bogus data records to check the break-in in the databases (DeGeorge, 1986)."

Tags:technology, customers, employees, subjects, confidential, companies, personal, file