Abstract
The paper discusses how in a competitive business world, gathering information is hugely important - and companies that can gather information on the competitor (or customers) that might reveal closely-guarded secrets or weaknesses (or subtle trends) are companies that will acquire a prohibitive advantage in the global marketplace. The paper examines a hypothetical case study in which an executive has proposed a new information system that gathers data on competitors' customers - a state of affairs that plainly confers a clear strategic advantage.

From the Paper
"In a competitive business world, gathering information is hugely important - and companies that can gather information on the competitor (or customers) that might reveal closely-guarded secrets or weaknesses (or subtle trends) are companies that will acquire a prohibitive advantage in the global marketplace. Over the next few pages, the focus will be upon a hypothetical case study in which an executive has proposed a new information system that gathers data on competitors' customers - a state of affairs that plainly confers a clear strategic advantage. Of course, ethical problems can arise from such a system and the following pages will..."

Tags:information, technology, ethics

Abstract
The paper relates that administrators are calling on teachers to gather data related to student achievement and analyze it in order to create curriculum goals throughout the school system. The paper discusses the potential design and collection of data through a questionnaire and the Likert scale. The paper looks at the analysis of such data, the findings and a plan of action for the study.

Outline:
Problem Statement
Design and Collection of Data
Collection, Analysis of Data and Findings
Plan of Action

From the Paper
"Since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2001, it has become evident that all school systems must adhere to change if they are to meet the challenges given to them by governmental and educational leaders. In 2003 the schools in the New York City School system were additionally challenged by Mayor Bloomberg and Chancellor Klien through a program entitled Children First. Children first created expectations that schools, administrators and teachers would work toward reform that would require "leadership, empowerment and accountability", leading to a school system in the city that exceeded national requirements for achievement ("Children", 2007, sec. 1)."

Tags:Likert, scale, questionnaire

Abstract
Examines concerns over computer invasion of privacy. Electronic data-processing equipment. Pravacy problems involved in government, corporations & financial institutions gathering private electronic information. Growth of database information & ways in which private data is used by organizations. Concerns of public. Selling software programs & information.

From the Paper
"Corporations have long used what we might call private data for a competitive advantage. What has changed recently is that with the increasing use of the computer, companies can access even more such data than ever before and perhaps make better use of it. Every company develops its own database of private information based simply on its own clientele, with information such as income levels, residency patterns, spending habits, and so on. Today, computer services gather and collate the same type of information on a much broader scale, making use of data gathered by everything from credit card use to swiping a supermarket club card at the checkout counter. Financial institutions possess a mass of private data by which they can make decisions and target consumers on such things as loans, sales of financial instruments, and similar issues."

Abstract
This paper describes a business research problem on a theoretical business, the methods for testing the hypothesis, the data collection method, sample size, assumptions, levels of measurement, and the descriptive statistics that will be needed. The study uses statistical data gathered from initiating research in a business, examining problems related to customer retention in a retail environment. The business is a large chain of bicycle shops in the Northwest United States.

The Business Research Problem
Methods for Testing a Hypothesis
Data Collection Method
Sample Size
Assumptions
Levels of Measurement
Descriptive Statistic Needed

From the Paper
"The business research problem is how to retain first time customers and bring back former bicycle shop customers. The bicycle shop carries a database of 6,000 total customers. Of the 6,000 customers, 2,000 are current customers. The bicycle shop's new customers are approximately 23 per week. The percentage breakdown for all categories is 65% men, 35% women. A current customer is someone who has used a bicycle shop service in the past six to eight weeks. A former customer is someone who has not used any of the services offered in the past year. The hypothesis to be tested is as follows: New customers and former customers will be retained and visits increased by mailing customer service oriented surveys. Through mail-in surveys over a period of time, analysis will be able to prove if this is correct."

Tags:multiple, regression, Likert, technique, z-test, t-test, ex, post, facto, design

Abstract
This paper discusses the test performed by Krosnick and Kinder.It first discusses what the study entailed -how the data was compiled in the period preceding and following the 25 November 1986 announcement by the Reagan White House that funds secured from the sale of arms to Iran had been diverted by members of the President's National Security Council (NSC) to the Contra forces fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government of Nicaragua. It then discusses priming deals with the effect of news media attention to certain stories on individuals' assessments of the President's performance and had, according to the literature reviewed here, been supported by experimental tests. It discusses how the authors felt that the fortunate chance of a major scandal occurring in the midst of a major information gathering initiative provided them with a rare opportunity to perform an empirical test of their theory.

From the Paper
"Krosnick and Kinder performed a secondary analysis of the NES data and demonstrated to their satisfaction that their priming theory did indeed explain changes in individuals' responses to questions about the President's performance. Part of the motivation for the study was the sudden, precipitous decline in the President's approval ratings identified by other, unrelated, surveys conducted by news media pollsters and the authors state that they wished to discover whether this decline in approval was, in fact, caused by individuals' tendency to respond to priming. The sampling methods of the NES, "a national probability sample of 2,176 U.S. citizens of voting age," presented no problems for secondary analysis and Krosnick's and Kinder's design by the survey population into three sections: individuals who responded to face-to-face interviews before, on, and after 25 November (p. 502). The authors disregarded data collected on 25 November and determined that the segments of the sample tested before and after 25 November, were "essentially indistinguishable" from each other in terms of demographic characteristics (p. 502). But they also acknowledged that they could not actually determine whether or not the two groups "still differ[ed] from each other in consequential ways that [they] missed" (p. 509)."

Tags:president, reagan, scandal

Abstract
This report represents a field research report which consists of details and data gathered from the administering of the moral preference indicator on members of the healthcare system. The United States healthcare system is a compilation of health plans, physicians, hospitals, clinics, consumers and public health programs. This research focused in on one such professional organization called the Family Health Centers of Southwest Florida, Inc.

From the Paper
"The clientele of our American healthcare system consists of two basic groups: those who can afford to pay for their healthcare and those who cannot. This separation creates a moral dilemma that medical professional must face day in and day out. The profession is based on a code of conduct that suggests that all people should be helped when in distress or need. The profession is also based on a foundation of any other revenue generating business entity, that is, the healthcare system creates bills that need to be paid."

Tags:medical, respond, needs, Americans, foreign, immigrants, ability, pay, services, philosophical, assumption, great, worth, free, attention

Abstract
This paper shall contrast the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant Survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. These two studies are examined as to type of study units used either group or individual, data gathered being cross-sectional or longitudinal, identifying if the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental, comparing the internal and external validity of the studies, and if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population.

From the Paper
"This paper shall contrast the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant Survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. These two studies are examined as to type of study units used either group or individual, data gathered being cross-sectional or longitudinal, identifying if the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental, comparing the internal and external validity of the studies, and if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population."

Tags:law, enforcement, punishment, discrimination, brutality

Abstract
The paper compares the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. The paper examines the type of study units used, the type of data gathered and whether the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental. The paper compares the internal and external validity of the studies and examines if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population.

Outline:
Abstract
Units of Analysis
Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Design
Experimental, Quasi-Experimental or Non-experimental Design
Internal Validity
External Validity
Randomness
Generalizable to a Larger Population

From the Paper
"The researchers in the WPLP Survey used individual surveys to gather data on the perceived success of leadership training for command officers in the various police departments as offered by the Los Angeles Police Department. The gathering of individual surveys, collecting and analyzing data from individuals is an example of researchers using individual units of analysis (Jenks, Carter Jenks& Correia, 2006 p.56). The Profile Data research involved gathering data from traffic stops conducted in several large metropolitan areas to find evidence of racial profiling. There were approximately 540,000 individual traffic stop incidents (Joiner, 2006, p.73). Although data was gathered on the individuals involved in the traffic stops, this data was part of a large review of the traffic stop incident records of the different police departments of the large metropolitan areas, thus the units of analysis was group units."

Tags:non-experimental, experimental, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, randomness, generalizability, validity

Abstract
The area of statistical data gathering on which this paper focuses is that of patients from OB units, or mothers who have recently undergone care during labor, delivery and the postnatal period. Various statistical information that can be gathered from OB patients is discussed, suggestions are made for additional information that could be collected, some concerns are discussed regarding issues of privacy that come along with information collection, and the advantages of improving decision making by collecting information are looked at.

From the Paper
"There are many reasons for health care providers to collect and interpret data taken from their outgoing patients. Some of these might include bettering the facility's ability to provide care and services, to better avoid infections or complications that may be common occurrences, and to give the patient/consumer a say in the quality and development of their care and the health care system, as a whole. The area of statistical data gathering on which this paper will focus is that of patients from OB units, or mothers who have recently undergone care during labor, delivery, and the postnatal period."

Tags:statistics, ob/gyn, nursing

Abstract
Examines the impact of disproportionate distribution of benefits of technology to users and consumers. Provides a chart depicting a user trust survey. Discusses the implications of data to e-commerce and business and consumer buying patterns.

From the Paper
"There are several challenges inherent in gathering demographic information on internet users. The first challenge concerns the challenge of analyzing focus sets of data. Before the internet, there were certain..."