Abstract In this article the writer discusses that the Darfurcrisis as it exists today is the result of a convergence of domestic political and cultural causes, within the context of regional political and environmental circumstances, all of which are being looked upon with good-intentioned neglect by the international community. This essay explores the Darfurcrisis with a focus on discerning the root causes of the crisis from its more immediate direct causes. The thesis is argued, while its direct causes seem to lie in a botched counter-insurgency program launched by the Sudanese government which coincided with drought and regional environmental issues, its root causes lie in the structuring of the Sudanese state in the wake of colonialism. As is seen, the inability of the Sudanese government to address the complex needs of diverse groups within its state lies ultimately at the root of the Darfurcrisis, with implications both for the Sudan and other post-colonial states.
From the Paper "Prunier's observation is valuable in two respects: first, he cites the fact that the Sudan has been internationally recognized for another long-running civil conflict in its recent history, and secondly that the causes of the Darfur crisis are not immediately clear or easy to understand. The reference to the Sudan's history of internal civil conflict is particularly significant, as it suggests that there are systemic problems in the Sudanese state that extend beyond the confines of the Darfur crisis. It may be argued that these problems are the "root" causes of the Darfur crisis.
"The Sudan as it exists today is largely a legacy of the colonial era, when the British empire governed vast swathes of Africa. However, a defining characteristic of the Sudan from its colonial period has been the combination of enormous territory and diverse ethnic populations, with an overcentralized state."
Abstract This paper discusses the Darfurcrisis and China's role in the situation. It provides a background to the crisis and suggests that international condemnation of China's role in the Darfur situation can be seen as being sustainable in terms of the precepts of reality theory. The paper describes this theory and discusses how it presents a plausible case for understanding the Chinese position.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
China and Relationships with the Sudan
Sudanese Interests
Diplomat and Political Relationships
The Question of Chinese Responsibility for Darfur China and Realist Theory
The Question of Responsibility
Conclusion
From the Paper "This argument has also to be considered in the light of a central aspect that emerges for the above analysis. This refers to Realist theory and the constraints of international politics over other more "ethical" considerations. This must also take into account the fact that China with its growing population and economic requirements desperately needs resources; and that it has been forced to a certain extent by the dominance of powerful corporations to seek these resources in countries like Sudan. From this point of view, China has seemingly little choice but to maintain a relationship with Sudan."
Abstract This paper discusses the roles of ethics in foreign policy. It specifically focuses on the case of China with regards to Darfur. The paper discusses the advantages of China vetoing the resolution against Darfur and then looks at the disadvantages. Specifically, the paper questions whether China will support the crisis in Darfur in order to advance its own economy.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Research Question
Introduction
Literature Review
The Issue
Ethics in Foreign Policy School of Thought
Case Study and the Case of Darfur Conclusion
From the Paper "In the present study of China and the case of Darfur, it is clear that in the beginning of this issue that China was determined to stay removed and aloof from the crisis occurring in Darfur and this is for several reasons. The first reason is that China has traditionally and historically stayed aloof from such international events and crises and therefore was following the tradition in the country for addressing such problems. The second reason is obviously economic and political reasons due to their close friendship and business relationship with the country of Sudan in which the Darfur region is located. China is greatly dependent upon petroleum purchases that the country of China makes from the country of Sudan and as well China has a great deal of investment tied up in the country of Sudan in energy projects such as the investment that China has made in Sudan's energy producing dams. The fact is that China in actuality has watered down each attempt made by UN resolutions to address this problem in Sudan and has quite emphatically insisted that the permission of the Sudanese government must be gained prior to introducing UN peace keeping forces into the country. Because of this insistence on the part of China, many of the UN resolutions made to deal with the problem in Darfur were rendered null and void. However, pressure from the international community and most specifically as related to the upcoming 2008 Olympics has forced China to remove itself from its traditional stance in this situation and China stepped out and attempted to persuade the government of Sudan to allow peace keeping forces from the United Nations to enter their country, but to no avail. While economic interest had indeed played a great role in the stance of China on the situation in Darfur, simultaneously the country of China has attempted to gratuitously adhere to the wishes of the public throughout the international world."
Abstract This paper describes the current humanitarian crisis in Darfur. It explains that there are many reasons why the international community should become involved in this terrible situation. One is that we have a moral obligation to do so and another is that there is a need to set an example to the Khartoum government, that genocide is not acceptable. Finally, success in Darfur would gain the United States and other countries that came to Darfur's aid, a political reward of having another democratic nation as an ally. This paper explores all three of these reasons.
From the Paper "This humanitarian crisis should not turn into a political pawn to be used by the Bush Administration, however. The U.S. has been known for many decades to promote peace in Sudan, so of course the Bush Administration wants the same credit. Peace is not being achieved right now, and the U.S. government needs to acknowledge this. Booker and Colgan write, "The Administration had hoped that such an agreement would allow it to lift sanctions on Sudan. This, in turn, would permit US oil companies to pursue a share of the country's recently developed oil wealth. Such interests, however, cannot be allowed to compromise a larger moral obligation." "
Tags: arab, community, darfur, international, janjaweed, killing, militia, political, sudan
Abstract The paper examines mainstream and alternative newspapers and magazines in order to demonstrate how mainstream newspaper coverage of the genocide is woefully inadequate, while the efforts of alternative media sources are commendable. The paper highlights the wider repercussions of this failure and shows how the negligible coverage reveals the media's decades-long indifference and racism toward the inhabitants of Africa. The paper strongly asserts that newspaper editors must make amends by bombarding readers with daily accounts of the terrible slaughter.
Outline:
Introduction
General Analysis on the paucity of newspaper coverage on Darfur How have the publications mentioned above differed in their coverage of the genocide
Repercussions
Conclusion
From the Paper "The average American citizen will, sadly, know more about the politics of the popular television show American Idol than about the ongoing carnage in Sudan's Darfur region. The genocide in that war-torn country has raged for approximately four years and claimed over 200,000 lives, but these seminal facts have yet to jolt the inhabitants of affluent countries into action. Admittedly, it is somewhat churlish to blame these individuals, as most media outlets cheerfully ignore the distant atrocities and, at best, pay vague lip service to the idea that governments must intervene and halt the bloodshed."
Abstract This fifteen page paper compares the American led intervention in Iraq in 2003 with arguments in favor of international intervention into the Darfur region of Sudan. This provides a useful framework within which to analyze cynical Bush Administration motivations, for researching this issue exposes the hypocritical foundation upon which George W. Bush's foreign policy rests. Examining such a research question provides the writer with a forum in which the differences between the Iraq intervention and the potential Darfur intervention may be compared.
From the Paper "Comparing the American led intervention in Iraq in 2003 with arguments in favor of international intervention into the Darfur region of Sudan is a useful framework within which to analyze cynical Bush Administration motivations, for researching this issue exposes the hypocritical foundation upon which George W. Bush's foreign policy rests. Examining such a research question provides a forum in which the differences between the Iraq intervention and the potential Darfur intervention, and their respective justifications, can be compared from an objective perspective."
Abstract This paper responds to several topics related to the war in the Darfur region of the Sudan, noting that the conflict in Darfur began in 2003 and involves an ongoing battle between a militant Arab group called the Janjaweed and the non-Arab peoples living in the region. The paper discusses how Sudanese government has been supporting the militants, though it pretends it is not. The conflict is described in the West as an example of "ethnic cleansing" or genocide.
From the Paper "Many of the thousands of deaths have been caused by starvation and disease, however, and not as part of a policy of extermination. Almost two million people have been displaced from their homes and have become refugees, many fleeing to neighboring Chad. The American government sent Colin Powell to see the refugee camps in Darfur in 2004, and he testified to Congress that genocide was being practiced there."
Abstract This paper explores two major international situations - Iraq and Darfur - that necessitate (or necessitated) international intervention and looks at the differences or similarities between them. This paper also comments upon the impotence of the United Nations to affect meaningful change in various 'hot spots' throughout the world - either because of corruption or the difficulty that arises from trying to achieve a consensus among various nations on various issues.
From the Paper "The United States - led intervention in Iraq sparked possibly more international debate than any diplomatic foray of recent years. Supporters of the U.S. action praised it as a bold effort to free a people from tyranny and protect America from further terrorist harm. Critics, on the other hand, interpreted the invasion of Iraq as little more than an imperialist oil-grab and a disingenuous assault that did nothing to bolster America's security. In recent months, the debate surrounding the appropriate time, place and measure of international intervention has seen a new international crisis that makes the discussion all the more pressing and important."
This paper examines how an organization can handle a crisis. The steps an organization takes during a crisis will determine how they come out of it. This paper lays out how an organization can effectively deal with crisis to prevent lasting damage.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, 2002, $ 47.95
Abstract This paper looks at the importance of a company's crisis management strategy and how the strategy that an organization takes during a crisis can affect the long-term health of that organization. It also puts forth the theory that organizations often collapse because when a crisis occurs they are not equipped to deal with it in a quick and timely fashion.
From the paper:
"Planning ahead of time can help soften the negative impact of an ongoing crisis. Decisions made while planning for a potential crisis tend to be more rational then a decision made in the middle of a crisis. Develop a crisis manual that is simple and easy to read and make sure it is used; it is worthless if it sits idle on a shelf. All employees need to be trained so they know what their roles will be during a crisis. This training will help prepare everybody in the organization to avert or effectively manage extraordinary incidents. It is not possible to plan for all potential crises that can occur. Rather an organization should prepare an action plan that involves responses for various aspects of a possible crisis."
Abstract This paper looks at the currency crisis in Thailand, which started in the summer of 1997 and rapidly engulfed a number of East Asian "Tiger economies" in a major financial crisis. This crisis became a an interesting case study for economists who were interested in analyzing the pros and cons of globalization and laissez faire market economies. The author further examines the effects of the East Asian currency crisis, on Thailand itself, which underwent a painful re-adjustment of its economy.
Outline:
Background
The Danger Signals
Foreign Exchange Reserves
Current Accounts Deficit
Excessive Credit Expansion
Why Did the Growth Slow Down?
The Housing and Real Estate Bubble
The Stock Market Bubble
The Crisis The Aftermath of the Crisis for Thailand
Conclusion
From the Paper "The country took a number of measures to attract foreign capital during the 1980 and early 1990s. These included lifting of restrictions on foreign investments, elimination of most barriers on foreign ownership of export oriented industries, granting of tax incentives to foreign mutual funds and investments in the stock market, creation of closed-end mutual funds, and reduction of taxes on dividends remitted abroad (Antczak 40-41). These measures along with a pegged exchange rate policy (i.e., the Thai currency baht was pegged to the dollar and its value rose and fell with dollar's value), and the large differential in interest rates provided comfort to foreign investors who came to Thailand in droves. "
Tags: Thailand, currency, crisis, globalization, Asia
Abstract This paper analyzes the best methods and techniques for effectively planning for, managing and mitigating the damage from a political crisis. It explores the need to develop a crisis plan before a crisis occurs. It expands on the four stages to effectively deal with a crisis, and how political crises relate to these crisis management techniques. The author includes steps that must be taken when a crisis occurs.
From the Paper "Every organization must at some point deal with a crisis. Crisis situations are exceedingly difficult to deal with because, by definition they are times of flux and change whose outcome will often depend on the organization's reaction. Managing a crisis is a ..."
Abstract This paper is a discussion, and analysis of the fiscal crisis currently facing Argentina. The author details some of the causes of the current crisis, including defaulting on the debt, the devaluation of the country's peso and political corruption. The affects of the crisis on the region's stability, Argentina's trade relationships with Europe and the United States are also discussed. The turmoil within the country itself is discussed in detail, and the author also offers some creative solutions to the crisis.
From the Paper "Despite criticism from some nations like Spain, who is heavily affected by Argentina's crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has so far refused to give any more aid to the country. However, many people blame the IMF for loaning "massive" amounts to Argentina earlier in their crisis, along with conditions requiring the country to tighten its fiscal policies. Now, Argentina is unable to repay these outstanding loans. Some of the over 130 million in debt was defaulted on in December, and "Critics say the IMF-imposed reforms have failed to work because they don't take into account the local situation. They argue that the insistence on debt repayment is what's brought Argentina to the brink of collapse" (Editors)"
Abstract The paper explains how a crisis communications plan is a vital aspect of virtually any business. The paper discusses that this plan is a companion to the crisis plan that is put into effect after a crisis has taken place; therefore, one aspect of this plan is to calm a heightened situation with reasoned thinking. The paper adds that a second aspect of the plan, however, is to strategize a process that will be put into force when such an event occurs. The paper shows how a crisis communications plan in that aspect can provide access to critical thinking and swift action at a time when such things are difficult, if not impossible.
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines President John F. Kennedy's decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. The writer provides a background of the crisis. In the article, the writer discusses dealings between Kennedy and Soviet leader, Khrushchev. The writer also covers the outcome of the crisis.
From the Paper "The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October when the Soviet Union under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev began placing offensive ballistic missiles in Cuba, just miles off the U. S. coast. Traditionally, historians have contended that Khrushchev began placing the missiles in Cuba from a position of strength, intended to defy a weak foe, President John F. Kennedy. They emphasized the apparent resolve Kennedy showed in dealing with Khrushchev, essentially portraying Kennedy as a man who finally became presidential during ... "
Abstract This paper cites the fact that Ashland Oil Inc. at the beginning of this decade recognized that it had a management crisis and that it needed to gain control of it in order to cope with the unforeseen shifts in the oil business. It shows that in 1991, the company made a number of decisions regarding how to prepare for a crisis, after it had faced a crisis with a major oil spill in 1988 and had not handled the situation as well as it might.
From the Paper "The public sees long line at the gas pump and notes the rising costs of oil and may believe that the oil companies are making money hand over fist and doing so with relatively little effort. In fact, though, whether an oil company can weather the ups and downs of the oil business depends on the management of the company. Ashland Oil Inc. at the beginning of this decade recognized that it had a management crisis and that it needed to gain control of it in order to cope with the unforeseen shifts in the oil business. Americans have been aware of an oil crisis since the 1970s, when the first oil crisis brought higher prices and long lines and made Americans more aware than ever before of their dependence on foreign sources for their oil and energy needs."
