Abstract This paper describes the current humanitarian crisis in Darfur. It explains that there are many reasons why the international community should become involved in this terrible situation. One is that we have a moral obligation to do so and another is that there is a need to set an example to the Khartoum government, that genocide is not acceptable. Finally, success in Darfur would gain the United States and other countries that came to Darfur's aid, a political reward of having another democratic nation as an ally. This paper explores all three of these reasons.
From the Paper "This humanitarian crisis should not turn into a political pawn to be used by the Bush Administration, however. The U.S. has been known for many decades to promote peace in Sudan, so of course the Bush Administration wants the same credit. Peace is not being achieved right now, and the U.S. government needs to acknowledge this. Booker and Colgan write, "The Administration had hoped that such an agreement would allow it to lift sanctions on Sudan. This, in turn, would permit US oil companies to pursue a share of the country's recently developed oil wealth. Such interests, however, cannot be allowed to compromise a larger moral obligation." "
Tags: arab, community, darfur, international, janjaweed, killing, militia, political, sudan
Abstract This fifteen page paper compares the American led intervention in Iraq in 2003 with arguments in favor of international intervention into the Darfur region of Sudan. This provides a useful framework within which to analyze cynical Bush Administration motivations, for researching this issue exposes the hypocritical foundation upon which George W. Bush's foreign policy rests. Examining such a research question provides the writer with a forum in which the differences between the Iraq intervention and the potential Darfur intervention may be compared.
From the Paper "Comparing the American led intervention in Iraq in 2003 with arguments in favor of international intervention into the Darfur region of Sudan is a useful framework within which to analyze cynical Bush Administration motivations, for researching this issue exposes the hypocritical foundation upon which George W. Bush's foreign policy rests. Examining such a research question provides a forum in which the differences between the Iraq intervention and the potential Darfur intervention, and their respective justifications, can be compared from an objective perspective."
Abstract This paper responds to several topics related to the war in the Darfur region of the Sudan, noting that the conflict in Darfur began in 2003 and involves an ongoing battle between a militant Arab group called the Janjaweed and the non-Arab peoples living in the region. The paper discusses how Sudanese government has been supporting the militants, though it pretends it is not. The conflict is described in the West as an example of "ethnic cleansing" or genocide.
From the Paper "Many of the thousands of deaths have been caused by starvation and disease, however, and not as part of a policy of extermination. Almost two million people have been displaced from their homes and have become refugees, many fleeing to neighboring Chad. The American government sent Colin Powell to see the refugee camps in Darfur in 2004, and he testified to Congress that genocide was being practiced there."
Abstract This paper explores two major international situations - Iraq and Darfur - that necessitate (or necessitated) international intervention and looks at the differences or similarities between them. This paper also comments upon the impotence of the United Nations to affect meaningful change in various 'hot spots' throughout the world - either because of corruption or the difficulty that arises from trying to achieve a consensus among various nations on various issues.
From the Paper "The United States - led intervention in Iraq sparked possibly more international debate than any diplomatic foray of recent years. Supporters of the U.S. action praised it as a bold effort to free a people from tyranny and protect America from further terrorist harm. Critics, on the other hand, interpreted the invasion of Iraq as little more than an imperialist oil-grab and a disingenuous assault that did nothing to bolster America's security. In recent months, the debate surrounding the appropriate time, place and measure of international intervention has seen a new international crisis that makes the discussion all the more pressing and important."
Abstract This paper discusses the need to take the news to the people of the Darfur Region in Sudan that they will be saved. The paper is written from the point of view of the Christian Mission and what it believes God means for the people in that region. It looks at the history of the conflict in the area and how the Christian Mission can help to bring aid and peace to the area.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Background to the Crisis in the Darfur Region of the Sudan, in Africa
Historical Background to the Conflict in Darfur Lack of International Response Creates Gap for Christian Response and Mission Work
U.N. and Other Actions to Date:
Aid to the Area
Helping to Bring Peace - the Role of the Christian Mission over the Next Five Years
Developing Partnerships to Ensure the Upliftment of the Oppressed People Groups in the Darfur Region
The People who will be Saved - "Make known among the nations what He has done" (Isaiah 12:4)
Long term Vision: What Would it be Like if Everything God Desires for the People of Darfur were to Blossom in the Next Twenty-Five Years?
From the Paper "The Christian Mission should develop many partnerships, to ensure that it can be truly effective in the long term in this area. Suggested partners would be the UN World Food Program, the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Doctors Without Borders, the U.S. Agency for International Development, Amnesty International, the International Crisis Group, and the World Health Organization. The Christian Mission can in fact learn from these partners, as many of them are already well aware of the extreme health and other problems in the area that need to be addressed. In addition, the Christian Mission should be aware of a rapidly growing movement advocating for humanitarian intervention in several countries. People and organizations that are part of this movement can be approached as sources of funding to help the Christian Mission achieve its goals in this region."
Abstract This paper discusses the roles of ethics in foreign policy. It specifically focuses on the case of China with regards to Darfur. The paper discusses the advantages of China vetoing the resolution against Darfur and then looks at the disadvantages. Specifically, the paper questions whether China will support the crisis in Darfur in order to advance its own economy.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Research Question
Introduction
Literature Review
The Issue
Ethics in Foreign Policy School of Thought
Case Study and the Case of Darfur Conclusion
From the Paper "In the present study of China and the case of Darfur, it is clear that in the beginning of this issue that China was determined to stay removed and aloof from the crisis occurring in Darfur and this is for several reasons. The first reason is that China has traditionally and historically stayed aloof from such international events and crises and therefore was following the tradition in the country for addressing such problems. The second reason is obviously economic and political reasons due to their close friendship and business relationship with the country of Sudan in which the Darfur region is located. China is greatly dependent upon petroleum purchases that the country of China makes from the country of Sudan and as well China has a great deal of investment tied up in the country of Sudan in energy projects such as the investment that China has made in Sudan's energy producing dams. The fact is that China in actuality has watered down each attempt made by UN resolutions to address this problem in Sudan and has quite emphatically insisted that the permission of the Sudanese government must be gained prior to introducing UN peace keeping forces into the country. Because of this insistence on the part of China, many of the UN resolutions made to deal with the problem in Darfur were rendered null and void. However, pressure from the international community and most specifically as related to the upcoming 2008 Olympics has forced China to remove itself from its traditional stance in this situation and China stepped out and attempted to persuade the government of Sudan to allow peace keeping forces from the United Nations to enter their country, but to no avail. While economic interest had indeed played a great role in the stance of China on the situation in Darfur, simultaneously the country of China has attempted to gratuitously adhere to the wishes of the public throughout the international world."
Abstract The paper discusses the horrific violence and barbaric civil war which broke out in the Sudanese providence of Darfur. The paper details the conflict that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths, millions of individuals displaced, and still other tens of thousand refugees. While the conflict arose from racial tensions in the area between various primary groups, the involvement of the Sudanese government in the genocide of Africans added a layer of complexity to the fighting that would otherwise have been unachievable. The paper discusses the Darfur conflict in terms of the terrorism of the Janjaweed, or Arabic fighters of southern Darfur, and the crimes against humanity committed by those individuals. The paper clearly shows that although the Sudanese government denied involvement with the Janjaweed, the situation in Darfur is clearly governmental supported terrorism.
From the Paper "Late in the 1880's, the Ottoman administration of Sudan collapsed. By 1898, British forces took over, and separated the North from the South until 1947. Political power was originally given to the north, but in 1955, a collection of southern army officers revolted, forming the Anya-Nya movement. By 1958, General Abboud seized power, and began to institute Islamisation. However, in 1964, an uprising forced Abboud to flee office, and a series of coups occurred until General Nimieri took over rule in 1969. Following a failed Communist coup in 1971, Nimieri began to ally with southern rebels and armies from Ethiopia and Uganda. As a result, the Addis Ababa peace agreement was signed in 1972, which allowed the Anya-Nya to join the national army, and allowed the south full autonomy ".
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the history of Darfur and the difficult situation faced by the people in Darfur. The writer relates that the country where Darfur is situated is in Sudan and this was ruled by the United Kingdom till 1956. The writer notes that the country has not been free from natural and man made plagues like a bankrupt economy, war-ravaged lands, violent Islamic militancy and existing conflicts due to differences in religion, and culture and natural calamities like droughts and famines. The writer concludes that peace comes to human groups only when there is a certain amount of satisfaction of their expectations and the expectations vary from area to area and groups to groups. This is a part of what one may call culture.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The cheapest method of getting these items from those countries was to occupy them and "rule" them. The objective of the "rule" was not to look after the well-being of the people ruled, but to ensure the smooth availability of the goods in demand by the West. However, it became essential after the Second World War for United Kingdom to grant freedom to these countries, not because they felt generous, but due to their inability to control those countries. The battle over the Suez Canal in neighboring Egypt bears testimony to this contention. The new rulers of Sudan were not the most enlightened as those people had been systematically butchered by the previous rulers in their interest to rule, but were the people who were most loyal to the previous rulers as this was felt to be a safe option for them to retire.
Ultimately, some of the companies of the ruling country still had "assets" in the ruled country, though they generally consisted of old and outdated plant and machinery, or pieces of land in the country ruled, or stocks of money of the ruled land. They would not permit the ruling elite to withdraw till their pound of flesh was ensured. While all this was going on, the unity of the countries that were left could not be ensured. In some cases, the departing rulers themselves broke up the country like India into India, Pakistan and later, Bangladesh."
Abstract In this article, the writer reports that many refugees are leaving Darfur and moving to other places to attempt to escape the fighting. Further, the writer notes that this is a serious world problem and states that it is important here to understand not only the refugees, but the conflict that has made them flee, as well. The writer examines the history and statistics of the conflict in Darfur. The writer concludes that the only thing that can realistically take place is to stop the conflict in the Darfur region so that these individuals can return to their homes without fear of being raped, robbed, or killed, and without fear that these same atrocities may be committed on their children.
From the Paper "As for the refugees that are leaving Darfur, the largest majority of them are Africans that are non-Arab, and they are running from the attacks of the Janjaweed Arabs. However, there have also been perpetrators of these attacks that are non-Arab as well as victims that are proclaimed Arabs. The individuals on both sides of the fighting are generally black, and the distinction that is seen in the news media between those that are Arab and those that are non-Arab in disputed by a great many people, as well as the Sudanese government. It is believed by these disputants that the Western world and the Western media do not really understand the difference, and therefore get the distinctions wrong quite often. The labeling of Arabs and non-Arabs has also been criticized due to the fact that it makes the conflict appear to be purely racial in motivation, and experts say that there are other important reasons for the conflict, such as the competition that is seen between the nomadic cattle-herders and the farmers, because they are both fighting for resources that are very scarce in the region."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that the Darfur crisis as it exists today is the result of a convergence of domestic political and cultural causes, within the context of regional political and environmental circumstances, all of which are being looked upon with good-intentioned neglect by the international community. This essay explores the Darfur crisis with a focus on discerning the root causes of the crisis from its more immediate direct causes. The thesis is argued, while its direct causes seem to lie in a botched counter-insurgency program launched by the Sudanese government which coincided with drought and regional environmental issues, its root causes lie in the structuring of the Sudanese state in the wake of colonialism. As is seen, the inability of the Sudanese government to address the complex needs of diverse groups within its state lies ultimately at the root of the Darfur crisis, with implications both for the Sudan and other post-colonial states.
From the Paper "Prunier's observation is valuable in two respects: first, he cites the fact that the Sudan has been internationally recognized for another long-running civil conflict in its recent history, and secondly that the causes of the Darfur crisis are not immediately clear or easy to understand. The reference to the Sudan's history of internal civil conflict is particularly significant, as it suggests that there are systemic problems in the Sudanese state that extend beyond the confines of the Darfur crisis. It may be argued that these problems are the "root" causes of the Darfur crisis.
"The Sudan as it exists today is largely a legacy of the colonial era, when the British empire governed vast swathes of Africa. However, a defining characteristic of the Sudan from its colonial period has been the combination of enormous territory and diverse ethnic populations, with an overcentralized state."
Abstract This paper presents a neo-liberal analysis of the politics of humanitarian intervention with a focus on Darfur in Sudan. It shows how the Sudanese government fails dearly in resolving the humanitarian crisis ther and, in fact, fuels the crisis. The paper looks at the urgent call for intervention from the international community and discusses the issues and disputes that arise from this intervention. The paper makes its analysis from a neo-liberal perspective.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Darfur: A Background
Humanitarian Intervention
Darfur and the Politics of Humanitarian Intervention: A Neo-liberal Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Last is the issue of resources. With the discovery of oil in Sudan, many of the world's big players, like France and China, have then taken a keen interest of the issues confronting the country. The confirmation of substantial oil reserves in the contested south adds to the country's geopolitical importance. This is evidenced in the tangled US history in Sudan has veered back and forth between close support and active antagonism for decades, first according to the vagaries of regional Cold War alliances and later the exigencies of domestic American politics. Today, the dominant concerns are the "war on terrorism" - and oil. Also, the factor that China is one of the biggest investors in Khartoum and the fact that China gets its supply of oil to fuel its skyrocketing development from Sudan says a lot in its passive response to the atrocities in Darfur.
"This was seen in the role that it played in the delay in the sending of UN peacekeeping forces in Darfur. The immediate cause of the delay has been attributed is the refusal by Sudan's president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, to agree to a UN force. He is able to get away with this largely because China, a permanent member of the Security Council, continues to protect him with the threat of using its veto. One reason Beijing stands behind Bashir is oil. China is trying to diversify its oil sources beyond the crisis- prone Middle East, and Africa is one obvious alternative. Already, 7 percent of China's imported oil comes from Sudan . Based on this, it is then quite clear that resources do matter in the politics of humanitarian intervention - an issue that is not given much importance in the neo-liberal perspective."
Abstract This paper discusses the Darfur crisis and China's role in the situation. It provides a background to the crisis and suggests that international condemnation of China's role in the Darfur situation can be seen as being sustainable in terms of the precepts of reality theory. The paper describes this theory and discusses how it presents a plausible case for understanding the Chinese position.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
China and Relationships with the Sudan
Sudanese Interests
Diplomat and Political Relationships
The Question of Chinese Responsibility for Darfur China and Realist Theory
The Question of Responsibility
Conclusion
From the Paper "This argument has also to be considered in the light of a central aspect that emerges for the above analysis. This refers to Realist theory and the constraints of international politics over other more "ethical" considerations. This must also take into account the fact that China with its growing population and economic requirements desperately needs resources; and that it has been forced to a certain extent by the dominance of powerful corporations to seek these resources in countries like Sudan. From this point of view, China has seemingly little choice but to maintain a relationship with Sudan."
Abstract This paper begins with a look at the history of the Darfur area of Sudan and then discusses Brian Brivati's article about the current crisis in Sudan, "Africa's Inferno". The paper analyzes and comments on Brivati's position and maintains that Brivati provides both an accurate and apt summation of the Darfur situation.
From the Paper "According to Brivati, Sudan was subject to both Egyptian and British rule for roughly 200 years (31). During this era, only Khartoum and the surrounding cities of the Nile were modernized since land transportation of resources was not the easiest endeavor at the time. The Nile was still the main source of life in Sudan. This left western Sudan out of the great economic boom. Even after independence was gained, "the region was neglected by the central government of Sudan" (Brivati 31). A prime example of the government's apathetic view towards Darfur is the indifferent stance that it took when famine struck the arid region in 1984-85. This two-tiered governing policy was the general norm until early 2003, when a rebel group instigated what would later become the beginning of a revolution. This group targeted the government institutions in response to the years of neglect that the citizens of the region were forced to endure (BBC News). Although the rebel group would eventually pay a costly price, losing many lives, it was a bold move to grab media attention. It did pay off, however, as word of the subjugation made it to the West, and to America in particular. The media began to take notice. Of note, the Darfur issue was further compounded by the ongoing bloody civil war in Sudan. In early 2005, a peace agreement was hammered out, but it did not fully address the growing concern of Darfur (Brivati 31). "
Abstract This paper describes the history and causes of the conflict in Darfur, and the resulting horror created by the conflict. The paper describes the economic conditions that helped create the conflict, the Sudanese government's role in the conflict and the atrocities committed by the Arab population on the non-Arab population.
From the Paper "A quick scan of news headlines regarding the events in Darfur, southern Sudan, reveals consistently that observers believe 70,000 may have died there in the past two years. According to U.N. humanitarian chief Jan Egeland, far more than 70,000 have been killed; he made the claim based on the fact that the original number of 1 million displaced people in Darfur has now doubled (DeLaCruz 2005). In a late 2004 article claiming that only 50,000 had died to that point, Time magazine nonetheless painted the picture of terror more graphically than the statistics, as alarming as they are, can do."
Abstract The paper presents a chronological description of the events in Darfur and considers the factors that prevented post-genocide interventions and actions. The paper also explores whether the local government can be held responsible in terms of the Genocide Convention. The paper shows how while there has been worldwide outrage and condemnation, very little has been done in concrete terms to hold perpetrators accountable. The paper addresses the question of whether something can be done to change the current tendency to ignore genocide when it occurs.
From the Paper "The Darfur genocide has a history of significant length that begins with several separate conflicts. The first of these is the conflict between the national government based in Khartoum and two rebel groups in Darfur, known as the Sudan Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement. At the basis of this conflict was what the rebels saw as political and economic marginalization. After a major rebel attack on a Khartoum military airfield, Khartoum's intention was to eradicate the rebels. Instead citizens were in the way and mass violence followed (Straus: 125)."
