Abstract
This paper describes the popularity of the Viola Da Gamba as a solo musical instrument in the sixteenth century, its common role in the choral and ensemble music during the renaissance period of the sixteenth century, and its impact on various cultures of the sixteenth century as well as its contribution to music today.

I. Introduction
Topic statement
II. Terms, Structure, and Origins
III. Viola Da Gamba as a Solo Instrument
IV. Decline of the Viola Da Gamba
V. Conclusion

VI. Bibliography

From the Paper
"The viola da gamba, a member of the viol family, first appeared in Europe during the late fifteenth century. Its popularity soared during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, and it became one of the one most popular instruments of the time. Primarily heard in ensemble or concert music, the instrument was a favorite of the courts of England, as well as throughout the rest of Europe. However, while the instrument was a beloved choice when blended with other instruments at the time, perhaps the most vital role of the viola da gamba was as a solo instrument in the sixteenth century."

Tags: viol, europe, solo, instrument, sixteenth, century, musical, theory

Abstract
This paper explains that Roland H. Bainton's in "The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century" examines the conditions which caused the irrevocable contravene between Luther and the Church and its consequence for 16th century Europe. The author points out the exceptional value of the forward section by Jaroslav Pelikan. The paper states that the book is well written, easy to understand and has many historical facts such as specific details about the Diet of Worms, the institution of the Holy Commonwealth of Geneva, Henry VIII's break with Rome and William the Silent's great effort for Dutch Freedom.

From the Paper
"The medieval church entered into a different phase and experienced a lot of changes in the 16th century. This change was due since the 15th century. The Pentecostal church is said to have been responsible to conserve the three great spiritual reforms, Lutheran, Wesleyan and Pentecostal. All these revival movements were helpful to bring back to light the various Christian experiences that had disappeared since the early times of the church. This reformation started with the Lutheran Reformation of the sixteenth century. Martin Luther became one of the most famous German Augustinians. In 1506, he joined the Augustinian community in the German town of Erfurt and he also took his first vows there."

Tags: medieval, luther, christian, calvin, zwingli

Abstract
This paper will discuss the two paintings form the sixteenth century. They will be "Judith with the Head of Holofernes of Attributed",(1537) and "Lucretia of Joos Van Cleve"(1525) Extra requirements: these two works are from the California palace of Legion of Honor in San Francisco, and will described here.

Abstract
The paper relates that during the Renaissance period, dance acquired a great importance both as a social practice and as an emerging art in the form of ballet. The paper relates that this period is very important in the history of dance because it marked the beginning of women's participation in dancing activities. The paper notes that the choreography of the various types of dances reflected the main ethical principles of the Renaissance society and thus transformed dancing from a merely physical exercise to an artistic practice that was highly educative.

From the Paper
"During the Renaissance period, dance acquired a great importance both as a social practice and as an emerging art, in the form of ballet. The main dance treatises that appeared during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by music masters such as Guglielmo Ebreo of Pesaro, Thoinot Arbeau and Fabritio Caroso contained descriptions of the types of social dances and ballets with their respective choreographies, drawings, musical excerpts and dance tablatures. Such treatises like Ebreo of Pesaro's On the Practice or Art of Dancing or Arbeau's Orchesographie are not only guiding manuals for dancing, but also good documentary sources for the ethics, aesthetics and social etiquette specific to the sixteenth century."

Tags: choreography, ballet, social, etiquette, ethics, theaters, art

Abstract
This paper explains that, in Carlo Ginzburg's "The Cheese and the Worms: the Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller", the miller Menocchio, who was charged with heresy in Italy at the age of fifty-two, and then again fifteen years later, is a tale of class conflict and how the tension between the classes in the sixteenth century was influenced by the Protestant Reformation. The author points out that this period was a tumultuous time, both socially and religiously, because of the emergence in Europe of the middle class as illustrated by Menocchio's raise from the peasant tradition to become a moderately wealthy miller. The paper states that the case of Menocchio can be seen as a reaction to an oppressive ruling class, which was unique because of the new influence of literature on lower society and because it was one of the first times that a poor, self-taught individual dared to stand-up to the ecclesiastical order on the basis of logic.

From the Paper
"Still, many people in Menocchio's social position were unable to read or write as well as he could. And certainly, very few people in his time, who were exposed to the writings in his library, reached the same conclusions he rested upon. Yet "this distinctiveness had very definite limits. As with language, culture offers to the individual a horizon of latent possibilities-a flexible and invisible cage in which he can exercise his own conditional liberty." (Ginzburg, xx). This too, is hard to deny-an individual may be considered uncommon within his culture, but it is difficult to separate him from his culture completely. So, although Menocchio held many unusual beliefs, these beliefs cannot be removed from the context they came out of. "

Tags: heresy, protestant-reformation, middle=class, self-taught, printing-press

Abstract
This paper examines historically social dancing in the 20th century, also called couple dancing. The paper describes the five different types: Modern Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Slow Foxtrot, and Quickstep, all of which are presently danced the world over both socially as well as in dance sport competitions.

From the Paper
"Social dancing was derived from the concept of dancing by a couple, usually a man and a lady, in a closed hand. Coming from the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, these dances gained popularity from the standard ballroom dances with diverse rhythms, tempos, and aesthetics. Although all these aspects changed with the change in the social attitudes, the one thing, which remained common through out the history of dancing, is that of the couple dance or the social dances. (Evans 2001)"

Tags: couple, dance, modern, waltz, tango, viennese, slow, foxtrot, quickstep, world, dance, sport, competitions

Abstract
This essay will explore, through an analysis of Surrey's Sonnet 12 ("Alas so all thinges nowe doe holde their peace"), the significance of Surrey's work in the context of sixteenth century English poetry. It will be argued that Surrey's greatest contribution in this regard was not in terms of poetic talent. His sonnets do not leave the reader "breathless" in admiration as do so many of Shakespeare's. Similarly, although his sonnets are often modeled on works by the Italian master Petrarch, they are generally considered inferior to the Italian originals. Rather, as will be seen, Surrey's contribution to English poetry was as an innovator. In terms of both form and content his sonnets - including the one discussed here - assimilate and revise existing Continental (Petrarchan) forms within an English context for an English audience. Includes annotated bibliography.

Abstract
This paper examines the life of Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of the sixteenth century French king, Henry II. The author notes that Diane de Poitiers emerged as a power in the French court of King Henry II because of her beauty, great insight, and political astuteness, and used them skillfully to forge an ever stronger relationship with the King. As the years passed she acquired so much influence that she became the queen of France in all but name, was the brains behind the throne, and was even placed in charge of educating the royal children of Henry and Catherine.

Tags: EUROPEAN STUDIES (HISTORY, CULTURE) / FRANCE, diane de poitiers

Abstract
This paper explains that John Hedley Brooke, in his book "Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives", follows the evolution of scientific thought and learning, explaining the opposing religious reaction and the effects brought about by the increasing knowledge of provable scientific material upon the prevailing philosophy. The author points out that, although new scientific theories are met with intense opposition from the prevailing religious forces of the day, neither ever succeeds in displacing the other; rather frequently science is used to "prove" religious theory and religious precepts are used to give credence to the new scientific discoveries. The paper relates that Brooke draws a parallel between the reformatory nature of the scientific methodology and that of the Protestant Reformation, which can be seen as an endorsement of Copernican opposition to the suppression of thought exercised by the Roman Catholic establishment prior to the sixteenth century.

From the Paper
"In 1543, Copernicus proposed his sun-centered theory of the cosmos which literally and figuratively turned the universe inside out, and set off an age that is unprecedented in its genius and its revolutionary ideas. The scientific revolution that ensued set the stage for the modern world-view and was met by opposition from the established religion, especially the Catholic Church, which dominated scientific exploration during the previous three centuries. The author argues that this was not so much separatism, but "an unprecedented fusion of science with theology, resulting in more secular forms of piety." (p. 53)"

Tags: copernicus, darwin, political, catholic, system

Abstract
Some painting styles are associated with certain regions and certain time periods, and in the Renaissance, artists from certain cities would express their version of a style and even a subject matter. Two such instances from the Venetian area in the sixteenth century are discussed in this paper, both at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The first is "Mars and Venus United by Love" (c. 1570) painted by Paolo Veronese, a mythological subject; and the second is "The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes" (c. 1545-50) painted by Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti).

From the Paper
" Mars is identified by his armaments, though in this case he is identified primarily by the uniform he wears and by the helmet that is on the ground by his feet. His sword is being used by one of the cupids, who used it to keep the horse to the right from moving forward. The weight of the painting shifts the eye to the left side of the frame, as does the lighter coloring of Venus's skin and her chemise, which is tossed across a wall. Against her skin, the darker head of Mars is framed as he gazes down at the Cupid who is tying Venus's leg to that of Mars, suggesting that the title of the painting is to be taken literally. Venus is also watching her Cupid with some indulgence as the knot is tied. The three primary figures in the painting, then, are all shifted to the left, and the way the two principals are gazing forward at the Cupid in the lower left corner causes the viewer as well to shift his or her eyes in that direction and so to see the tying of the knot, the central action of the painting. Additionally, the curve of Mars's back as he leans to the left matches the slight shift of Venus's body to the right to form an arch over the Cupid. Mars holds a dark cloak, which drapes across Venus's lap, and the darkness of the cloak allows the whiteness of Venus's leg and Cupid's skin and wings to stand out even more in the lower corner."

Tags: style subject venetian, sixteenth century, regions

Abstract
The paper discusses the article "Music-Selling in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence: The Bookshop of Piero Di Giuliano Morosi", which provides insight into the business of music printing and selling. The paper looks at Carter's analysis of Morosi's bookshop and how it sheds light on the history of music selling.

From the Paper
"I chose the article "Music-Selling in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence: The Bookshop of Piero Di Giuliano Morosi" for my fifth literature report because I was very interested in early music printing when this information was lectured on during our early music class. While Professor MacNeil was lecturing on this topic, I was intrigued and very interested in learning more about the history of music printing and I thought this would be a great way to do it. The development of music printing was one of the most important technological developments because of the ability to record music for history and to spread musical ideas between many people. Through this article, I believe that my knowledge of early music printing and selling will be further developed."

Tags: manuscripts, prints

Abstract
This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.

From the Paper
"In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."

Tags: cardinal, century, charles, clement, diet, england, germany, henry, imperial, league, luther, martin, pope, press, printing, reformation, religion, religious, sixteenth, swabian, v, viii, wolsley, worms

Abstract
The paper is an in-depth study of the history of hip hop dance, from before and after the 1970s, and its effects on society. It explores how this type of dance is unlike other dance forms and the elements that make it up. There are no fixed forms to dance, but only styles. The rest is up to the dancer. It is a style of dance for all society giving the freedom to all to dance according to their desires. The paper also shows how hip hop is very much an American product. The hip hop trend enables the path for several dancers, and at the same time it also fosters and promotes more suggestive dance moves. The paper provides clear indications of the effects on culture; some hip hop is racist in theme, while others are sexist. Many hip hop musicians concentrate on such issues like social inequity and the dangers of heroin use. The conclusion is that hip hop is more than just music. It is becoming the soul of pop culture as never before, and steadily moving from the street corners and music videos towards usage in the fitness centers, dance studios as well as television shows.

From the Paper
"Hip hop may be viewed as a culture and is often used to refer to commercial rap music, but hip-hop is not only music. It is loved by the American ghetto youth who claim that it is their method of self-expression and use hip hop to rise over their physical situations. The culture of hip hop has its roots based on truth, self-determination, courage and pride. This is the reason why it has grown to have its impact on almost every part of the world. (Hip-hop History) Some hip hop is racist in their themes, while others are sexist. At the same time, there are also many hip hop musicians who concentrate on such issues like social inequity and the dangers of heroin use. From its early days in the US, the music is being played in projects and some underground clubs, but, now it has achieved a profile that has led to include it in the 1992 presidential debates over Sister Soljah. In the 20th Century Fox movie, Bulworth, there is Warren Beatty playing a Senator who berates his opponents using rap. Hip hop, it would seem, has become a part of our lives. (Classified Hip-Hop or I wanna blow up like Marilyn Monroe's skirt) At the same time, hip hop is not only music. This form of dancing has become very popular and this is clear from the opinions of some experts. "There's a definite surge in the white neighborhood that wouldn't necessarily be exposed to hip-hop in their everyday life," says Keith Pinto, who is an MC and hip-hop dance teacher at the Dance Attack in Los Gatos, California. "They watch MTV, see other kids doing it and want to be a part of it. You can pretty much go to any dance studio in the Bay area and they'll have a hip-hop class." (Hip-hop dance fever)"

Tags: break, dance, graffiti, rapping, afrika, bambaataa, grandmaster, flash, universal, zulu, nation, scratch, rapping, djing, don, campbellock, bboying, scooby-doos, popping, boogaloo, krump, popping

Abstract
This paper explains that many dance traditions have originated in India and Indonesia, such as the Bharata Natyam from South India, which had an important historical and cultural influence on the history of India. The author points out that important elements of Hinduism, particularly the figure Nataraja, a form of Shiva, are expressed in Bharata Natyam. The paper relates that this dance, as well as many other religious dances, demonstrate the integral relationship between religious dances and the religious themes that inspire them.

From the Paper
"Many dance traditions have originated in India and Indonesia, such as the Bharata Natyam from South India, which had an important historical and cultural influence on the history of India. Important elements of Hinduism, particularly the figure Nataraja, a form of Shiva, are expressed in Bharata Natyam. This dance, as well as many other religious dances, demonstrates the integral relationship between religious dances and the religious themes that inspire them. In terms of specific details of Bharata Natyam, it emerged in southern India and developed over the centuries as a living tradition as generation after generation handed it down from parents to children, and gained ascendancy when the Devadasi system emerged in India."

Tags: religious, dancing, issues

Abstract
This paper is about dance movement therapy as a form of expressive art therapies. The paper focuses on how dance therapy is about the release of emotional trauma or beliefs as well as feelings that have been suppressed, through appropriate movement. There is a brief history of development of dance therapy as well as a personal story about how fears can limit the ability to dance.

From the Paper
"The expressive arts offer a multitude of opportunities for the human spirit to achieve balance, freedom, relief and potentially self-actualization. While great emphasis in class has been placed on the spirit of the human condition and spirit of the soul, after a brief discussion about the spirit, this paper will focus on what movement and dance therapy are about, the use of dance therapy as a way of unleashing burdensome emotions and psychological pathology in combinations of the arts and solely using dance and movement as the expressive medium. This paper will also include comments on the generally fear and shame based reasons why individuals might initially shy away from dance and movement therapy."

Tags: dance, movement, emotional