Abstract This paper discusses an individual's right to privacy and the results of an invasion of that right. It specifically discusses a tort with regards to invasion of privacy. The paper analyzes the two basic elements that occur with invasion of privacy - the fact that the individual's right to privacy is invaded and the resulting damage that occurs as a result.
From the Paper "The right of privacy in the private sector has taken on a whole new dimension since the times of Justice Brandies with the advent of the internet, email, YouTube and the myriad of personal blogs raise the specter of anyone becoming a world-wide celebrity. If you doubt the power of the internet to create celebrities out of the ordinary person, recall the "numa numa" phenomenon, the portly college lip syncing into his computer became an overnight celebrity via viral video. This was voluntarily placed on the internet, the repercussions of instant involuntary notoriety where unimagined in the late 19th century when the right of privacy was first put forward by Justice Brandies. There are many personal issues that individuals wish to keep private, and the vast amount of case law regarding all four aspects of invasion of privacy needs to be kept in context of the modern era of the internet, AIDS and the 24 hour cable news station."
Abstract There can scarcely be any question that intrusion controls systems complicate the lives of computer hackers and other nefarious types. At the same time there remains a heated debate over whether or not these programs are quite effective as some might argue. This paper probes this issue and looks at the situation from both perspectives. Specifically, the paper notes how intrusion controls do indeed cut down on hacking and how the latest technology permits them to be employed in mobile phones and other hand-held devices.
Abstract This paper explores when punitive damages are appropriate in products liability cases as well as the general standards of liability to be found in various American states. From there the paper reviews what factors generally determine the amount of punitive damages to be awarded and how the awards amounts vary in different parts of America courtesy of state caps placed upon the amount of punitive damages recoverable at trial.
This paper reviews the use of seclusion - the isolation of patients who may be dangerous to others or themselves - around the world, within the field of psychiatry.
Abstract Seclusion is an intervention widely used and has a long history within psychiatric care. The paper shows that literature over the past ten years suggests seclusion is effective in control of violent/aggressive behaviors. However, the concept of seclusion has been too often interchanged with the concept of solitary confinement, as is the rationale for initiation of seclusion and this would lead to questioning the intended outcome for the patient. This paper reviews the literature in relation to the use of seclusion and asks the question: Is seclusion used as a therapeutic nursing intervention? For the purpose of this paper, the literature reviewed focuses on primary research around the subject of seclusion as an intervention with the patients and nursing staff's perceptions being explored.
From the Paper "Within mental health nursing practice there are routines and responses which require ongoing critique and review. With decreasing length of admission and increased acuity, today the challenge for the nurse is to maintain the therapeutic milieu while maintaining the safety of patients and staff. The rights of the patient to receive treatment appropriate their needs is involved in this balance and interventions chosen by staff are reflected directly in the outcomes for the patient."
Tags: psychiatric, nursing, intervention, methodological, study, literature, review, mental, health
Abstract The paper attempts to identify ways in which a website Honeypot can be used as a detection measure or system and to determine its ability to achieve these goals in ways that are superior to other types of intrusion detection systems. The paper provides an overview of intrusion detection systems (IDS), the two primary classifications of honeypots and their respective intended applications and the different types of honeypots. The paper then provides a general discussion concerning the legal issues that affect the use of honeypots that should be taken into account before an organization makes the decision to use this intrusion detection system approach.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Intrusion Detection Systems
Chapter 3: Classification and Types of Honeypots
Chapter 4: Legal Issues Affecting the Use of Honeypots
From the Paper "By any measure, the Internet has changed the way both consumers and businesses of all types interact and pursue their respective goals. Indeed, the Internet has transformed the way in which people go about the daily lives in some profound ways, but there are some significant problems involved. For example, Elifoglu (2002) points out, "The open nature of the Internet makes security a real challenge for today's companies" (p. 67). Such security issues have assumed even greater importance in recent years as more and more companies establish a Web presence to facilitate their organizational goals."
Abstract This paper is a research project, which uses anomaly intrusion detection to determine if there are any abnormal patterns and, hence, intrusions in the provided log files. The author stresses that a statistics approach seems to be the easiest and most straightforward approach. The paper relates that a common practice in IDS software is to incorporate different techniques to detect intrusion so that other methods such as hierarchical clustering can still be included in the system to search for suspicious/ known data patterns such as viruses. The paper includes charts, graphs and a screen-shot.
From the Paper "Since we are not building a new system, we will try to implement and base the report on existing work. Viewing sequence algorithms for intrusion detection helps to determine which patterns look like patterns of intrusion. The statistics technique is discussed but will not be programmed at this current time. We will also attempt to show manually how this algorithm will detect the patterns using previous research as it correlates to this specific data using logs provided and some data mining algorithm."
Abstract This paper discusses an intrusion detection algorithm for analyzing university web server log files. It also discusses integrating hierarchical clustering with other algorithms for an intrusion detection system. The paper proposes to use hierarchical clustering as the main back bone of the intrusion detection system and then incorporating other algorithms like statistics and support vector machines (SVM) as needed.
From the Paper "The initial plan was to use the user signatures method by Seth Freeman or the Traffic Classification technique but the first method seems more suited to an OS than for web server log files and the second seems a lot more complicated and also requires a destination IP, which is not readily available from our log files. I started out by writing a statistics based algorithm but then added hierarchical clustering based on instructor feedback. Eventually I settled on this paper based on hierarchical clustering with other methods as backup although I still like the statistics approach."
Abstract This paper discusses four examples of 20th century dystopic fiction, criticizing the government and government related issues. The four books reviewed in this paper are George Orwell's '1984' and 'Animal Farm', Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World', and Ray Bradbury's 'Fahrenheit 451'. The theme that is common to all is the warning that the intrusion of the government into our lives, no matter how well intentioned, will always end badly. These books all contain an element of a society that, at one point or another, traded its freedom for an increased sense of security.
Abstract This paper briefly explores the security threats posed to computer networks worldwide and provides an overview of how and why Intrusion Detection Protocol (IDP) is a valuable tool to combat security threats. The paper relates that IDP techniques will allow network administrators the tools necessary to harden their networks, thereby protecting personal, business, and global computer networks and resources.
From the Paper "Said dependence has made laptops, iPods, personal websites (such as facebook and myspace), E-mail, electronic marketing, and cellphones part of our everyday life. While one could certainly argue about the upside in all these advents in making us increasingly global, it also makes us vulnerable in ways that we have not been before.
"Myspace pages, for instance, get phished, leaving us socially and professionally vulnerable."
Abstract The paper explores different issues that arise when dealing with punitive damages. The author defines punitive damages and looks at why the ability to sue for this particular type of damages in court is so useful and at the same time, extremely rare. They often take several years to resolve. Punitive damage cases are often comprised of several people seeking to sue a large conglomerate, such as the tobacco industry, in order to prevent further harm to a large number of people. The O.J. Simpson civil case was an example of punitive damages being used as a way to ensure that a person was held financially responsible for their criminal act. These types of cases are small in number, but often make headlines because of the enormity of the settlements involved.
From the Paper "The use of punitive damages is particularly useful in cases where it is desired that defendants alter their bad behavior as well as recompense defendants. Doing away with punitive damages, particularly in the case of large corporations, could allow a company to compensate the individuals of the families they had injured, yet continue with the company's damaging behavior because it was cheaper and more cost effective to do so. A company could continue to use technologically inferior, polluting technology even after paying money to defendants because a case was tried in civil rather than criminal court. Yet in nearly 80 percent of product liability cases in which punitive damages were awarded, the manufacturer made a subsequent safety change. (McLarty, AATL Website) Also, because so many punitive damages cases have included such large payment amounts to defendants, this can be said to have caused safety to be taken into greater account in company manufacturing, thereby resulting in a safer America."
Abstract This paper discusses the effectiveness of tort law in providing compensation for environmental damage. It also looks at the ability of tort law to prevent environmental damage from occurring. The paper describes some of the obstacles suffered by tort law in fulfilling a central role in environmental protection, such as cost, evidence and standing and then looks at the limits to the limitations that exist in terms of tort law and environmental damage.
Table of Contents:
Developing, and Restricting an 'Environmental Tort': Issues of Locality and Use
Establishing the Causative Link and Proving Foreseeability
Further Obstacles: Evidence, Cost and Standing
Limiting the Limitations
The European Influence - Lowering the Hurdles?
Assessing the Use of Common Law Actions in Tort
From the Paper "Today there is a propensity to think of environmental protection as attained by the volume of specific legislation, but this does not mean that the role of the common law in environmental protection has become obsolete. Although perhaps a somewhat tenuous link, it has been argued that actions in tort are able to prevent environmental harm by deterring others from engaging in the same behaviour due to a fear of having to pay damages. However, Barbara Young, the chief executive of the Environment Agency, challenges such a rationalisation, arguing "the scale of penalties levied by the courts makes pollution and prosecution an acceptable risk and an acceptable business expense" . Naturally, the extent to which the extent to this will vary according to the polluting offender involved, however it would seem unlikely that the prospect of paying damages would have the same influence as the fear of facing an environmental regulator is set standards are breached."
Abstract This paper examines how, in recent years, there has been a marked increase in litigation related to recovering damages for emotional distress -- a kind of damage that is not measured by the extent of physical harm to an individual, but instead, measured by the extent of emotional and psychological harm inflicted upon an individual. Unlike determining the extent of physical harm, determining the extent of emotional distress or pain and suffering presents its unique share of challenges - particularly with regard to determining if, indeed, an individual has been inflicted with emotional distress and if that individual merits relief from the defendant or defendants. This paper looks at how assessing the nature and amount of relief to be awarded to the plaintiff also presents challenges to the judicial system.
From the Paper "The United Kingdom's judicial system it appears has taken steps to clearly define the criteria for nervous shock. For example, it has been determined that "the plaintiff cannot recover for experiencing normal human emotions such as the grief experienced when a loved one dies." There must be more than just an emotional response to a sudden and saddening event. See MIM v. Pusey, [1970] 125 CLR 383 at 394-395. With the shift of judicial decisions on emotional distress cases in the U.S. toward a generally "moderate" stance, it seems that the courts in the United Kingdom are also ruling on such cases - in particular on nervous shock cases - with more leniency and flexibility."
Abstract This paper discusses the links between poverty and environmental damage in the developing countries and their implication for sustainable development. Two developing countries are used as case studies
Tags: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND ECOLOGY / POLLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, links poverty environment
Abstract This report examines lightning damage, particularly its effects on electrical systems, and protective measures than can be taken. It explains lightning and reviews lightning protection systems for both residential and commercial properties.
Tags: Lightning, Surge, Suppression, Electrical, Systems
Abstract This paper relates that hypotheses that attempt to explain stuttering point to the roots of this condition in the neurophysiology and/or neuropsychology of the individual experiencing the dysfluency. The paper further discusses that, while theories do exist that place stuttering into a behavior dependant on learning and conditioning due to environmental aspects, the fact remains that stuttering, whether learned or conditioned, is the result of a neurophysiological response manifested as dysfluent speech. The paper maintains that, upon examination of the nature of stuttering both in terms of research into etiology and effective treatment, the conclusion that stuttering is the result of brain damage is the one most applicable and probable.
From the Paper "According to earlier research statistics, approximately 25 to 35 percent of individuals who have developed stuttering sustained a form of brain damage, either at birth or during early childhood (Guitar, 2006). The reported factors, including anoxia at birth, premature birth, head injury, and mild cerebral palsy, all point to a disruption in the fetal development of a normal central nervous system (Guitar, 2006). Since there appears to be this correlation between brain damage and stuttering, research has been done to determine how brain functions are different in these individuals. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have shown a possible right-hemisphere dominance in terms of language production in individuals who stutter and cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies have shown these results as well (Guitar, 2006). "
