Abstract
The paper contends that advances in imaging technology, made over the past five decades, have enabled the recognition of many of the cognitive and behavioural correlates of organic brain impairments. As a result, a new range of psychological tools has been developed that have proven effective as diagnostic indicators of lesions or other malfunctions. The paper concentrates on the frontal lobe regions. It reviews the types of damage that occur and the behavioural patterns and problems associated with them. The paper then examines and reviews measures that have been formulated to assess the nature and extent of that frontal lobe damage.

From the Paper
"The idea of cerebral localisation of psychological functions has existed in various forms since Gall (1935), but only recently have researchers been able to locate specific psychological processes to particular brain structures with any confidence; and studies of malfunction have been found to hold critical value here in identifying normal functioning. Kolb and Whishaw (2003) offer five discrete categories of psychological abnormality associated with frontal lobe lesions: (1) disturbances of motor functions; (2) loss of divergent thinking; (3) impaired response inhibition and inflexible behaviour; (4) poor temporal memory, and (5) impaired social and sexual behaviour imaging. Evidence, however, suggests a degree of overlap and interaction between categories. For the present analysis, the 'cognitive' categories, (2) and (4), will be discussed together, as will the categories relating to social behaviour and inhibition: (3) and (5)."

Tags:brain, psychological, abnormality, cognitive, cortex, dysfunctional

Abstract
This paper discusses the effectiveness of tort law in providing compensation for environmental damage. It also looks at the ability of tort law to prevent environmental damage from occurring. The paper describes some of the obstacles suffered by tort law in fulfilling a central role in environmental protection, such as cost, evidence and standing and then looks at the limits to the limitations that exist in terms of tort law and environmental damage.

Table of Contents:
Developing, and Restricting an 'Environmental Tort': Issues of Locality and Use
Establishing the Causative Link and Proving Foreseeability
Further Obstacles: Evidence, Cost and Standing
Limiting the Limitations
The European Influence - Lowering the Hurdles?
Assessing the Use of Common Law Actions in Tort

From the Paper
"Today there is a propensity to think of environmental protection as attained by the volume of specific legislation, but this does not mean that the role of the common law in environmental protection has become obsolete. Although perhaps a somewhat tenuous link, it has been argued that actions in tort are able to prevent environmental harm by deterring others from engaging in the same behaviour due to a fear of having to pay damages. However, Barbara Young, the chief executive of the Environment Agency, challenges such a rationalisation, arguing "the scale of penalties levied by the courts makes pollution and prosecution an acceptable risk and an acceptable business expense" . Naturally, the extent to which the extent to this will vary according to the polluting offender involved, however it would seem unlikely that the prospect of paying damages would have the same influence as the fear of facing an environmental regulator is set standards are breached."

Tags:legislation, pollution, causality

Abstract
The paper lists eight questions that evaluate a case of head injury to a child, which could help the emergency response team assess whether the patient is alert and cognizant of his or her surroundings and whether risk exists for severe injury. The paper explains the risk factors in this patient's condition and notes the possibility of latent injury.

From the Paper
"This case study involves an 8-year old with obvious trauma to the face and head. There is no apparent fractures of the extremities, and while the patient is awake, he is only semi alert. The following eight questions will be crucial in evaluating this case. The questions are simple, given the patients age and the likelihood the boy may suffer from some form of shock following the injury. Each question focuses on assessing the extent to which neurological impairment exists, with some questions assessing the potential for cervical spinal damage, and others assessing whether the boy suffers from a concussion or related injury. Immobilization of the cervical spine will help prevent additional injury to the patient during questioning (NICE, 2003). "

Tags:brain, neurological, impairment, spine, damage, concussion, coma, swelling, bleeding

Abstract
This paper discusses how the 2005 hurricane season proved to be particularly intense and damaging. Hurricane Katrina caused a breech of levees and massive flooding and losses in New Orleans. Hurricane Rita was also almost as intense as Katrina but luckily did not cause as much damage. In particular, the paper looks at how it is important to recognize that hurricane preparedness is essential to minimizing the damage caused by hurricanes and how, given the margin of error in hurricane forecasting, the damage may not always materialize but failure to act on a hurricane warning could prove to be much more costly in life and property losses. This paper assesses the impact of Katrina and Rita in order to study Hurricane emergency response and what needs to be done to produce a response that would minimize loss of life and property.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Forecasting Hurricanes
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Rita
Damage by Katrina
Rita Follows Katrina
Emergency Planning for Future Hurricanes
Discussion and Conclusions

From the Paper
"The orbiting and geostationary satellites take visual and infrared photographs. The infrared photographs measure the temperature of the surface below it; the sea, the earth, the clouds etc. The temperatures are color coded for identification. The visible photographs provide information about cloud cover. As indicated by the solar radiation reflected by the clouds. These pictures determine the temperature of the ocean water, circulation patterns and the height of the cloud. The ground radars and buoys transmit weather data every hour to the weather data collecting stations. These factors help in forecasting the cyclones (hurricanes). "

Tags:damage, storm, emergency, services

Abstract
This paper evaluates the assessment approaches available to teachers in the detection of learning difficulties. The paper particularly discusses the need to detect dyslexia at an early stage, in order to prevent damage to the child's learning. It describes the various assessment approaches and screening tests available and how effective they are for teachers.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Learning Difficulties
Aims of Assessment
Assessment Approaches
Screening Test
Miscue Analysis
Non-word Reading Test
Evaluation and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Every self-respecting teacher should know how to recognize a dyslexic pupil and what remedial measures can be done so that the child involved is not effectively denied access to the curriculum. Teachers and nursery attendants need to be aware of the signs before a child gets formal schooling because the damage to be wrought by late recognition of dyslexia may be irreversible. Psychological and behavioral studies, however, warn against relying on signs and folk beliefs in detecting learning difficulties. If these patently unscientific methods are made as basis of instructional programs, it will create more harm than good. Thus, many state laws today compel the education sector to use systematic methods of assessment that would measure possible obstacles to learning with more confidence and accuracy. There is a good number of such assessment strategies now available to the classroom teacher in the detection of children's learning difficulties, especially dyslexia."

Tags:dyslexia, miscue, educators

Abstract
The paper discusses how a "dirty bomb" or a ready made chemical or radiological device would be the most effective way for a terrorist to attack the United States. The paper explains that these radiographic explosive devices would not only destroy relatively large areas of a city or residential area, but would disperse radiation and create psychological havoc and panic. The paper assesses the most likely targets for an attack and reveals that a terrorist could possibly target a less secure location that maximizes the damage to the infrastructure of a country. The paper explains that this could be an important energy or communications system that would affect many and strike a blow at the psychological morale of the country.

Outline:
Introduction
Possible Scenarios
Weapons and Materials
The Attack: Targets and Implementation

From the Paper
"The danger of a terrorist attack on American soil has been extensively reported and commented on in the media, especially after the events of 9/11. Many experts are of the opinion that a terrorist attack is "inevitable" at some stage in the future. This view is supported by the recent proliferation of nuclear weapons, especially after the fall of Communist Russia and there have been many reports of the sales of arms and even nuclear components on the black market.
"However, commentators also point out that the construction and implementation of a fully - fledged nuclear device is still extremely difficult and the importation of components into a country like the Unites States with its stringent security regulation after 9/11, is a difficult task for the terrorists."

Tags:nuclear, weapons, radiation, security, infrastructures, morale

Abstract
The paper focuses on "Sutherland v Hatton", "Maher v. Jabil Global Services" and "Berber v. Dunnes Stores Limited" to examine how English and Irish law concerning liability for occupational stress has developed. The paper highlights the inconsistencies in the decisions made in both jurisdictions which have inevitably led to a flawed test, and furthermore argues that though the Maher and Berber cases represent milestones in the development of this area of tort law, there is a long way to go before any satisfactory or conclusive test can be legitimately used. The paper also considers the future of liability for occupational stress.

Outline:
Introduction
Employers' Liability Extending to Psychiatric Damage
Putting Guidelines in Place - Sutherland v. Hatton
Adoption of the Hatton Principles
Issues Arising from the Hatton and Maher tests
The Scope of an Employers' Duty of Care
Causation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The first significant case with such circumstances was encountered by the English courts in Walker v Northumberland County Council This plaintiff was a social worker dealing with child abuse cases who suffered two nervous breakdowns; the first as a result of his increasing workload and the second as a result of his employer's continued failure to address the situation. Mr Walker brought an action for damages for personal injuries against his employers, Northumberland County Council, 'alleging breach of its duty of care as his employer in failing to take steps to avoid exposing him to a health endangering workload'. The Court held that there was no reason why psychiatric damage should be considered outside the scope of an employer's duties of care and that the County Council should have taken reasonable steps to prevent the risk of damage to their employee's psychiatric health. Here, Colman J. referred to the aforementioned, and what he referred to as "inter-related", requirements for liability in negligence.
"In other words, the ordinary principles of employer's liability were held to be applicable to a claim for psychiatric illness arising from stress in employment. It was noted nevertheless that such claims would 'often give rise to extremely difficult evidential problems of foreseeability and causation' - a harbinger of things to come."

Tags:forseeability, liability, causation, psychological, health

Abstract
This research paper discusses various topics relating to recession marketing including the following: a brief synopsis of the 2007-2008 economic crisis, advantages of a recession, marketing convenience products, marketing luxury products, survival tactics, a marketing strategy plan, and some recommendations on recession marketing. The paper does not focus on the implications of the recession as much as the objectives of companies during a recession. The paper explores briefly international marketing, but primarily focuses on marketing in the United States. A graph and a diagram are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Statement of the Problem
Background
Methods
Limitations
Advantages of a Recession
Marketing Convenience Goods
Thriving Goods
Marketing Factors to Consider For Coming Year
Marketing Luxury Goods
Developing a Recession Marketing Plan
Assessing External Factors
Assessing Internal Factors
Strategy Determination
Review and Control
Marketing Tactics
Anticipating Competitors
Value
Quality
Customer Focus
Communications
Promotion
Conclusions and Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"Quality cut downs may not be noticeable in the short-run but in the long run consumers will notice if a company feels tries to save some money by cutting down on the quality of their products. If a company has developed a successful, great brand experience there is no reason in risking that by cutting down on the quality of your products and services. When a company is running a service there is usually give dimensions that quality is based on, the first being reliability which is the need to make sure the service is being performed dependably, and accurately. The second dimension is tangibles which are things like physical facilities, equipment, personnel, communication materials, etc. The third dimension is responsiveness, as the company needs to make sure they are giving the customer the most adequate service, as well as promptly giving that service. The fourth dimension is assurance, which is when a company conveys trust and confidence so the consumer does not have to worry about their service being completed. The last dimension is empathy; because consumers do not want an uncaring person handling a mistake when they are stressed enough, but much rather have a caring employee deal with the matter. All of the quality dimensions are really focused around keeping your product or service where it has been without raising costs, as well as keeping a healthy customer service sector on board to work through troubling economic times where consumers do not want to worry about services that have been loyal to them in the past. (Hartlet et al., 2008, p. 34,36,121) (Hollis, 2008, p. 3-4)"

Tags:marketing, recession, economy, products, economic, consumers, competition, companies, credit, mortgage, banking, federal, business, competitors

Abstract
This paper purports to investigate our greater understanding of the unified theory of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. The structure of the earth and the traditional theory of continental drift is examined, followed by a look at the more unified theory of plate tectonics. The global ramifications of this theory is investigated by examining the damaging tectonic activity caused by seafloor spreading, specifically earthquakes as well as the hazards these earthquakes in turn generate, namely tsunamis. Case studies are provided to illustrate the damaging nature of these natural forces. Finally the paper examines whether these hazards can be predicted or prepared for given our greater understanding of their causes.

From the Paper
"The Earth is a layered planet consisting of the crust, mantel and core as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Due to the intense heat during the formation of the planet, Earth was mostly molten. The more dense materials sank to the centre forming the core while the lighter materials floated to the surface and gradually formed a rigid layer called the lithosphere (Byatt 2001:18). The upper part of this lithosphere is called the crust, a layer about 80km to 40km thick (Strahler & Strahler 1989:254). The lithosphere also includes the upper part of the mantle called the asthenosphere, which is highly heated to a state that is semi plastic. The rigid, brittle lithosphere, which is broken into large fragments called lithospheric plates, has the capability of moving over the soft, plastic asthenosphere."

Tags:drift, earthquakes, floor, hazards, lithosphere, plate, sea, spreading, tectonic, tectonics, tsunamis

Abstract
This paper studies the company EDS, or Electronic Data Systems, founded by Ross Perot. The paper traces the history, development, personalities connected to and controversy associated with EDS, particularly in terms of its affiliation with WorldCom. Much of the paper focuses on the company's founder and CEO Ross Perot, examining his personal gain from the company and his flamboyant -- often controversial -- leadership style. Then the paper turns to an evaluation of the damaging affect WorldCom -- known for its ethical ambiguity -- has had on EDS and attempts by the company to regain its credibility and profitability.

Outline:
WorldCom and EDS: Similarities and Differences
Hitching one's star to the wrong wagon
Back in the heart of Texas
Ebbers' match
Heads roll
That was then....
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is arguable that EDS' problems in the marketplace were caused more by earnings shortfalls, arguably caused by market conditions and unfortunate choices of partners, than by accounting practices. And in fact, EDS did not implode like Enron and WorldCom. It also replaced CEO Dick Brown with Michael Jordan, the retired chairman and chief executive of CBS Corp. (Feder 2003). Brown had reached a "mutual agreement," according to reports in the press. An EDS spokesman said that the company was stronger than when Brown joined it four years earlier, and that his resignation "demonstrated 'realism' and a 'willingness to take responsibility for things that were not necessarily his fault'" (Feder 2003, database). The claim that the company is stronger is cold comfort to the shareholders. IN 2003, when those optimistic statements were issued, EDS shared traded at $15.76, down from $65.91 a year before, prior to the WorldCom bankruptcy and the other factors, noted above, that contributed to the disastrous failure to reach third quarter earnings projections in 2002."

Tags:world, com, business, ethics, trading, enron, presidential, candidate, ross, perot, dick, brown, electronic, data, systems