Abstract This paper explains that the Dadamovement, whether a painting, book or treatise, was intended to make the viewer think, to reconsider every one of his or her opinions, to break through the old boundaries and begin to look at the world in a new way. The author points out that Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain", an ordinary urinal, was his manifesto about the society for which the "artwork" had been made because, in this still nearly-Victorian age, Duchamp committed the unpardonable sin of making public that which should never even be mentioned. The paper relates that Francis Picabia's "painting" "Sainte Vierge" or "Holy Virgin", which is no easier to identify with than Duchamp's "Fountain", is an inkblot; the importance of which is the viewer's initial reaction to this Dada art. The paper includes several long quotations.
From the Paper "Whether in New York or Europe, Dada was a "movement" of the avant-garde. In order to understand the Dada, one must look into the conditions that gave it form and substance. The First World War was only an immediate cause - it was the spark that caused people like Duchamp and Picabia to search for a radically new form of expression. But Dada was more than paintings. Drama and literature could as much be expressions of Dada as any of Duchamp's or Picabia's works. By the time, Duchamp and Picabia had begun, independently, to create the style that would become Dada; the avant-garde had already established itself as a synthesis of the radical and the rebellious."
Abstract This paper discusses how WWI greatly affected the direction of art in the United States and Europe. It looks at how, through isolating and merging different regions, artistic movements were both born and terminated as a result of warring, allied forces, and personal trauma. The paper examines how Futurism, Fauvism, Cubism, Vorticism, and German Expressionism were active when WWI began and examines the development of both European and American Modernism with such styles as Harlem Renaissance and other Postwar movements in Europe such as De Stijl, Bauhaus, Constructivism, Purism, New Objectivism, Dada, and Surrealism. The paper also contains images and pictures.
From the Paper "The shift of the art world capital from Paris to New York City had begun towards the end of WWI. Although many European artists fought in the war first-hand, "No American modernist painter saw the carnage of WWI first-hand, nor did any American artist record feeling in its aftermath. " America became aware of its dependence on Europe after WWI and gained a new sense of independence through forging the Allied victory. In postwar America, subject matter was rooted a newfound nationalism and self-identification as a country. Pride in technology and innovation added to a new nationalist spirit, led to the American movements of Regionalism and Precisionism. Regionalism included distinctly American scenes such as Grant Wood's American Gothic (image 4). The Precisionists possessed a faith in American industry and stability after America proved itself in war. The movement included Charles Sheeler (image 5) and Charles Demuth (image 6). Their works emphasize a new alienation and isolation in being uniquely American. "
Abstract The paper discusses the origins of the Futurist Movement whose art-work reflected the energy and the changes of the late nineteenth/early twentieth century. It shows how Norwegian Impressionist artist, Edvard Munch's "The Scream" - which relayed a message of total dread and horror that comes from trying to realize the preciousness of life in a world of carnage - laid the groundwork for the movement's message. The paper examines the work of others who identified with this movement, such as writer Filippo Marinetti and artist Marcel Duchamp. The paper also touches on the Dadaism movement which orginated from refugees from WWI Germany and explores the works of several Dadaists, such as artist Jean Arp and historian Hans Richter.
From the Paper "While Dadaism had movements all over the world, it was birthed from refugees of World War I in Zurich. The dehumanizing impact of the industrial age moved into the realm of the absurd during the Great War. No one in Germany escaped the horror of that bloody war unscathed. It was like a self-inflicted plague, not altogether unlike tuberculosis or any other disease, only making less sense. During that war was the first time that the modern implements of fighting came into use on the battlefield, and the soldier in the trenches achieved a new level of insignificance. They became canon fodder, with death often time coming from hidden mines, distant snipers, from big guns and airplanes that could only be heard and not seen. The carnage of the war and the desperation that followed clearly marked the souls of these artists. Painting landscapes made no sense in that context."
Abstract The paper presents an exhaustive synthesis of the gay rights movement in the United States. This paper begins with an examination of early gay rights movements, focusing particularly on Germany, for it is nearly impossible to understand the movement without first examining its roots. Next, as this synthesis turns its focus to the gay rights movement in the United States, the paper comments that the movement erupted into a global effort to ensure the equality of gays in society. The paper comments on the phenomenon of how the homosexuals reached the position that they occupy today. Moreover,the paper asks, if one examines this progress, is it possible to predict the path in which the gay rights and culture movement is going?
Outline:
Introduction
Early Gay Movements in Germany
Gay Rights in the United States
The Years Leading Up to Stonewall
Stonewall: A Watershed Moment in Gay Rights
Post-Stonewall Movements The 1980s and 1990s
Gay Rights in the Twenty-first Century
The Future for Gays: The End of Gay Culture
From the Paper "The history of homosexuality is weaved inextricably into the history of the world. Ample evidence of homosexual relations has existed as far back as written records can substantiate. As the purpose of this synthesis is not to provide an overview of homosexual history, its focus will begin with the birth of gay rights organizations. This benchmark occurred in Germany in 1897, when the first social movement to advance the civil rights of gay people was founded in Germany. In order to understand correctly where this early gay movement came from and where today's movement is going, it is imperative to examine the social conditions that made the movements possible."
Abstract This paper discusses social movements with regards to Andrews, Whittier, and the documentaries providing convincing evidence that the powers of social movements are derived primarily from injustice in society. The paper further discusses how social, economic, or political conditions can no longer be tolerated by an oppressed group of people, social movements often arise, for such movements enable the participants to affect social change. These movements rarely achieve all of their goals because they always generate resistance, but they have often succeeded in attaining many of their goals.
Abstract In this paper the writer answers a series of five questions regarding social movements. The writer discusses how social movements are formed. The functioning of social movements is examined. In this article, the writer also discusses how social movements and their actions impact society.
From the Paper "The purpose of this brief essay is to answer a series of questions regarding social movements and their consequences. Collective action, the difficulty of establishing effective social movements, the role played by organizations in social and political movements, methods used to facilitate social change and the focus or revolutionary content of social movements are at issue herein. People act collectively in democratic and non-democratic regimes to garner strength and to promote mutual issues. Rena Palloff has noted that social change efforts attempt to impact ... "
Tags: social movements, protest movements, civil rights, collective action
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the Women's Movement in the United States. The writer discusses the history of the Movement. The mobilizing structure of the Movement is also examined in this paper. The writer looks at the related political opportunities and the ideology of the Women's Movement. Further, the writer discusses the future of the Movement.
From the Paper "The research topic selected for this report focuses on the American Women's Liberation movement, specifically the Second Wave of the movement. The goal of the study is to determine the extent to which the Movement succeeded in mobilizing a broad coalition of women and to which it continues to play a role in American society. The study is approached via qualitative narrative historical analysis using a literature review to answer the research questions below. Research ... "
Abstract This paper analyzes changes in interior design brought about because of the arts and crafts movement in the nineteenth century, noting that the movement made changes specifically in terms of the design of interiors, including the design of furniture. The movement was shaped by William Morris, best-known for the design of the Morris chair but also for being a leader in this artistic movement.
From the Paper "The arts and crafts movement was a reaction to the opulence and weight of design in the Victorian era. This movement made changes specifically in terms of the design of interiors, including the design of furniture. The movement was shaped by William Morris, best-known for the design of the Morris chair but also for being a leader in this artistic movement. In the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution changed the nature of manufacturing and so also affected the nature of design. The Victorian style that prevailed in the nineteenth century featured heavily ornamented interiors containing many pieces of furniture, collections of ornamental objects, and surfaces covered with fringed cloths. "
Abstract The March First Movement saw many rallies staged in Korea during a two-month period in March 1919 for Korean independence. The Movement technically started on March 1, 1919, when 33 nationalist leaders declared the country's independence from Japan at a park in central Seoul. The declaration sparked protests by ordinary Koreans across the country. The Japanese colonialists oppressed the uprising by brutal force. Consequently, the March First movement failed to achieve its objective of Korean independence.
Abstract This research paper focuses on the May Fourth Movement in China. The movement was a revolution in itself-of an intellectual nature. It was against imperialism, and encouraged intellectualism resulting in democracy and the great utilization of brilliant minds in China today. The movement is still commemorated, and was recently even imitated.
Abstract This paper analyzes the manner in which televised images during this particular era aided the goals and objectives of the black freedom movement. The writer of this paper focuses on the impact of television on the viewing public during the 1950s and 1960s. This paper also discusses how the medium of television made clear the aims of other more radical movements that arose at the time. This paper explores how the media depicted the significance of the civil rights movement while also allowing equal air time for the views and opinions of the general opposition.
From the Paper "This paper examines the role of the media during the pivotal years of the black freedom movement .Television was a relatively new means of disseminating the news and as journalists were starting to define its uses activists were building their case and fighting for civil rights. Televised images helped develop public understanding of the cause but also clarified many of the more radical movements that arose at the time."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the rise of the environmental movement in the west. The writer makes specific reference to the characteristics of the environmental movement, with the objective of finding out how to maximize membership of the environmental movement.
From the Paper This paper attempts to gain insight into the dynamics of the environmental movement, specifically in regard to its growth in the West. This is done by reviewing the relevant literature, theories and studies.
A discussion on the way that the punk subculture re-emerged in recent years in response to the rise of the far right in Switzerland and as part of the international anti-fascist and anti-globalization movements.
Abstract The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."
A review of the work of Wangari Maathai the woman activist in environmental issues and her efforts in the formation of the "The Green Belt Movement" that she initiated.
Abstract The paper discusses that women in the world have become more prominent in their fight to protect the environment and the ecosystems. In this discussion the paper highlights the efforts of Wangari Maathai, the woman activist, in achieving a reduction of the negative effects on the environment of deforestation. The paper states that in terms of female activism, Maathai has helped to show that women in Africa are capable of playing a leading role in environmental issues. The paper concludes that the Green Belt Movement that she initiated has helped to raise awareness about environmental issues not only in Africa but internationally.
Outline:
Introduction
The Green Belt Movement Wangari Maathai and the origins of the Green Belt Movement Conclusion
From the Paper "Environmental activism has become an important part of the battle to save the environment in the age of global warming and climate change. In the last decade, women have become more involved in active and leading roles. Initiatives such as the Green Belt movement have proven their worth as essential in the battle against the decline in environmental standards throughout the world. This paper will discuss will the Green Belt Movement and its founder, Wangari Maathai, from both the environmental and social perspectives. While this movement has been proven to have a considerable affect on the issue of deforestation, it is at the same time a social movement that has also advanced the cause of the empowerment of women in Africa and the world."
Abstract A paper that shows that in a world of expanding business and human mobility there is an increasing prevalence of corporations extending internationally, resulting in many political and social implications. The author finds that although conventionally, one would join a lobby firm in order to influence government policy through bureaucratic channels; in light of growing corporate globalization, one can argue that these conventional channels are no longer able to reflect the demands and interests of the general population. He finds that although lobby firms possess substantial resources in lobbying government, it is in the flexible structure of informal grassroots organizations that people will be able to influence policy in a globalized world. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of transnational networks in influencing policy by highlighting the insufficiencies of lobby firms, outlining the characteristics of social movements that make them effective, and illustrating the application of these tactics in specific campaigns. Ultimately, it is in these informal movements that the demands of the general public will be heard. The paper focuses on Canada's experience.
From the Paper "Ultimately, in a world increasingly dominated by multinational corporations, the future of public interests lies in the methods of grassroots organizations. Lobby firms have become ineffective in representing interests of the public, as they are now puppets of the big business interests who hire them. Likewise, governments have ceased to become the focus of policy change, as they too, have subordinated themselves to the interests of multinational corporations. Thus, it is in the flexible and adaptive structures of grassroots lobbying that Canadian voices and interests will be heard in the global arena. The reality that the strength of corporations in this arena is indubitable; yet, it is in the mobilization of collective action from grassroots organizations that will keep these corporations in check and ensure global social justice."
Tags: gatt, greenpeace, mai, movements, multinational, shell, social, wto
