Abstract
This paper analyzes and discusses two articles: "Training Mentally Retarded Adolescents to Brush Their Teeth" by R.D. Horner and I. Keilitz (1975) and "Training and Maintaining a Retarded Child's Proper Eating" F. O'Brien, C. Bugle, and N.H. Azrin (1972). The paper shows that the purpose of the first research was to provide systematic development and evaluation of a tooth-brushing program for retarded individuals, while the second explored whether motivational techniques are necessary to insure the maintenance of proper eating for the mentally retarded. For each of the articles, the paper provides details on the purpose of the study, procedures used in the study, results of the study and evaluation of the article.

From the Paper
"Study findings showed that when the motivational-maintenance procedure was applied, the subject ate properly and when it was discontinued, the old eating behavior was resumed. When maintenance was again applied, proper eating occurred and was again discontinued when the maintenance procedure ended. During the last seven meals of training, proper eating was demonstrated on nearly every trial, and when baseline conditions were returned, improper eating was immediately resumed. Results also demonstrated that manual guidance was very effective in training the subject to eat properly."

Tags:verbal, instruction, self-feeding, interruption-extinction

Abstract
There have been numerous changes in the field of healthcare over the past twenty-five years. Many of these have occurred behind the scenes in areas such as regulation and documentation requirements. Others are obvious, such as advancement in medicines and technology. All have some degree of impact on the delivery of healthcare to the patient. Most have an impact on the cost of healthcare delivery. By interviewing a healthcare provider who has been in the industry for the past 25 years, this paper examines what area of change has made the greatest difference and what the future has in store.

From the Paper
"Finally, the health care industry is changing extremely fast. New technology requires ongoing training for healthcare providers. With change being a constant, healthcare workers find themselves under more and more pressure just to "get it right," said the D.O.N. The downside of new technology is the risk to which it exposes the patient. While ongoing training is essential, time and labor is inconsistent. Constant relearning poses a degree of threat to patients. Ongoing training is destabilizing. When a new nurse finds that his or her nursing supervisor knows less than they in terms of procedural change it is difficult to give the best care."

Tags:nursing, D.O.N., training