Abstract
A book report on "Lincoln" by David Herbert Donald. In essence, what he wanted to do with this book was to (a) keep it to one volume (there have been studies of Lincoln expanding to 10 volumes); and (b) focus very tightly on Lincoln himself as opposed to the historical era.

Tags:lincoln, donald, review

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts two masterpieces of classical music: "Mass in B Minor" by Johann Sebastian Bach and "Symphony Number Five" by Dimitri Shostakovich. The paper relates that, although both the aforementioned works share the accolades assigned to that of a masterpiece, they represent two very different periods in the history of classical music. As such, following an initial analysis of each piece independently, the author evaluates the historical issues that arise while comparing and contrasting the two works.

From the Paper
"Bach's Mass in B Minor is a traditional baroque work in many respects; however it also represents an example of early classical music. At the time it would have been performed by a small orchestra and SATB chorus. In addition, there would have been far less diversity in the number of varying instruments used compared with today. Orchestras of the mid eighteenth century would have primarily had a fairly strong string section, possibly accompanied by organ, oboes and trumpets. Although much of the work dates back to as early as 1724, it was not completed in its present entirety until 1749, a year before Bach's death. It is difficult to accurately determine whether the B Minor Mass was written with a specific occasion in mind."

Tags:court, patronage, lutheran, orchestras, authoritarian

Abstract
This paper uses works by Ashraf Rushdy ("Exquisite Corpse" and "On Impact") and D.B. Morris ("The Culture of Pain") to show how the authors go about expressing the severity of their subjects. The paper argues that, if adequate evidence of pain in literary writings is not furnished, then the writing itself will not attract the readers, nor will the readers be attracted to the idea of pain. It also shows that, if writers use pain as an attractive force in their writings in the way that Ashraf Rushdy has, a reader finds it much easier to accept what idea is expressed. In cases where writers do not provide evidence for the presence of pain in the writings, the work does not have an impact.

From the Paper
"Rushdy's evidence of pain achieved through photography is vital, but he also reminds the reader that the evidence furnished in this way should be accompanied by the facts that are relevant to it. If the photographic evidence were inappropriately made use of, then untold upheavals could result. In a cultural setting photographic evidence has the ability to unleash the greatest of emotions, and thus great care must be taken to ensure that the evidence is not used inappropriately. The precaution is essential, and is so because of the fact that "pictures of graphic violence still have to power to make an impression." He describes on the basis of a photograph of a slain African American triggering violence in the US."

Tags:psychogenic, terror

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of the birth control pill and various steps along its development, as each stage is approved by the Federal Drug Administration (F.D.A.). In this article, the writer covers the period from 1960, when the first birth control pill was approved in the U.S. The writer studies the development of the contraceptive up to the present day.

From the Paper
"... the Planned Parenthood Federation of America invited an American biologist Dr. Gregory Pincus to develop an ideal contraceptive that was simple, safe and esthetically acceptable to both husband and wife. Government and private sources donated some of the funds and Planned Parenthood put up the seed money and within a few years the birth control pill was being tested in Haiti and Puerto Rico. The first birth control pill approved in the United States, by the Federal Drug Administration (F.D.A.) in ... "

Tags:ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel, Seasonal, Plan B, Prevan

Abstract
This paper is a complete marketing communications plan for U.K. Black & Decker (B&D) to expand its do-it-yourself (DIY) tools sales to women, especially in this period of economic downturn. The suggested key communication messages to this target audience is that women using B&D tools are the epitome of strength, power, independence and control and that there is nothing a woman cannot do. The paper discusses a complete project from the situation analysis to media scheduling and campaign evaluation. A cover illustration and table are included.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Contents
Situation Analysis
Competitor Analysis
Consumer Analysis
Market Analysis
Product Analysis
Communications Analysis
Target Market Profile
Objectives
Marketing Objectives
Communication Objectives
Marketing Communication Strategy and Tactics
Communications Strategy
Creative Strategy And Execution
Creative Positioning
Key Messages/Propositions
Variations in Creative Executions by Proposed Media Channel
Media/Channel Strategy
Objectives
Media Strategy
Media Vehicles Recommended
Tactics
Timing and Estimated Budget Breakdown
Campaign Flow
Briefing
Scheduling
Campaign Evaluation

From the Paper
"Based on the research highlighted above, B&D will package a range of tools that will be combined into a toolkit specifically aimed at women, and will contain basic DIY and home maintenance tools, proven popular with women, such as; screwdrivers of several sizes and types, pliers, a hammer, monkey wrench, several common spanners, and a power drill/screwdriver. This range of tool will be designed to meet the needs of the consumer, namely, new, sleek, ergonomic and lighter tools."

Tags:symbol, home improvement, psychographics colors channel

Abstract
A comparison of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Great Society of President Lyndon B. Johnson that focuses on the differences between the two programs.

From the Paper
"There is a great temptation among historians to lump Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal together with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. Indeed, the two programs have some similarities in that they both ultimately sought to provide a social safety-net for the poorest members of American society. However, there are some major differences between the two programs. The New Deal was conceived in response to the most harrowing economic era of our nation's history, the Great Depression, as an attempt to get the United States through this trying period."

Tags:new deal, roosevelt, great society, johnson, depression, economy, prosperity

Abstract
This paper discusses how in his novel "The Souls of Black Folk" W.E.B. Du Bois wrote that the problem of the 20th Century is the problem of the color-line and how written in 1903, Du Bois' analysis proved correct for the rest of the century, particularly the first two-thirds of the 20th Century when Hollywood films depicted blacks as inferiors. It shows how a comparison of his portrayal of African Americans with D.W. Griffith's 1915 landmark film "Birth of a Nation" reveals a vivid contrast in the depiction of African Americans. It looks at how Du Bois portrays African Americans as a people who experience racial suffering and injustices, but also as a people with great strengths and resources who must fight as opposed to the film industry which stereotyped them as ignorant savages or grinning, dancing stooges or people who could only hold menial jobs and who lacked morals and intellect.

From the Paper
"Before the release of "Birth of a Nation" blacks remained for the large part politically indifferent to the derogatory images presented by the film industry. One historian attributes their lack of interest to the deep puritan fundamentalist roots that dismissed film as needless frivolity (Cripps 11). Another reason could be that African Americans had so many areas that required their attention that leaders did not have the time to deal with film. The depiction of African Americans in Hollywood films was horrific, with stereotypes of them as ignorant savages or grinning, dancing stooges or people who could only hold menial jobs and who lacked morals and intellect. D. W. Griffith, the single most influential director of his time, took the stereotypes even further in A Birth of a Nation,@ portraying African Americans as brutal, lusting menaces who represented a very real threat to society."

Tags:stereotype, blacks, hollywood, racial, suffering

Abstract
Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 was written by former journalist and current historian Roy Morris Jr. and was published in New York by Simon and Schuster in 2003. In this fascinating book, Morris examines the bitterly controversial 1876 presidential election between the Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes, and presents the theme that Tilden, benefiting from nationwide revulsion with the corruption infesting the Republican Administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and voter anger about the stagnant economy, won the popular vote by 260,000 votes, but had the Presidency stolen from him by Republican officials in three Southern states and in Washington D.C.

From the Paper
Fraud of the Century: A Book Review Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 was written by former journalist and current historian Roy Morris Jr. and was published in New York by Simon and Schuster in 2003. In this fascinating book, Morris examines the bitterly controversial 1876 presidential election between the Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes, and presents the theme that

Tags:fraud, of, century

Abstract
This essay looks at how the idea of the Great Society got started, how it progressed, where it slowed and why, eventually, it was not the hoped-for brilliant "coup" that would let Johnson's name go down in American history as a president far more caring and concerned about the Have-Not's in America than anyone since his idol, Franklin D. Roosevelt.

From the Paper
"Johnson and Kennedy differed greatly on the Viet Nam War. Speculation still persists that, had Kennedy lived, he might well have pulled most of the troops out of Viet Nam. Two days after Dallas, Johnson rescinded an order that had proposed a more careful approach to Vietnam involvement. Johnson was a John Wayne0lkike hawk when it came to Vietnam, figuring that America cannot afford to let the Communists succeed anywhere in the world. He was unprepared, as most Americans were, to discover that the North Vietnamese, fighting on their own territory, would eventually provide an inglorious end not only to the War but to the Johnson presidency."

Tags:government, funds, civil, rights, legislation, assassinated, john, kennedy, elderly, blacks

Abstract
Within the larger framework of the comedic genre, Restoration comedy has suffered more criticism than any other type. Judged as immoral, unrealistic, and artificial by numerous literary critics from Lamb to Macaulay, Restoration comedy has often been misinterpreted as a senseless jumble of clever-sounding sentences and words. This paper shows, however, that just as it had it virulent critics, Restoration comedy also had its own share of defenders, including Walter E. Houghton and Robert D. Hume. Writing thirty years apart, both these literary critics maintained that the rejectionist criticism of Restoration comedy is founded upon the false premise that this particular strain of comedy is meaningless and unrealistic. However, this particular viewpoint is incorrect and emanates from a failure to comprehend the purpose of comedy, on the one hand, and the importance of evaluating artistic works from within the context of their own period, on the other. Therefore, as this research argues, while Restoration comedy, or the 'comedy of manners' genre is largely satirical, as seen through the works of Congreve and Sheridan and characterized by extreme exaggeration in the representation of mannerisms, one may interpret this particular genre as a realistic and serious social criticism, which sought to impact cultural and social values and mannerisms.

From the Paper
"The condensation of vice within characters gives the impression that the play is not rooted in any recognizable reality yet, as Weber argues, this reductio ad absurdum devise is a recognized and legitimate means of exposing these vices and taking them to their ultimate consequence, in an effort to reveal society, as it is, without disguise (Weber). Hence, in taking mannerisms and the exercise of particular vices to their extreme absurd limit, Sheridan is not undermining the realistic foundations of his work per se, but is exposing the amorality of its so-called moral base."

Tags:school, for, scandal, Foible, Lady, Wishfort