Abstract In this article, transpersonal psychologies are examined. The writer looks at the key concept and interests of transpersonal psychologies and their varieties. The writer also discusses the central concept of self-transcendence. In this paper, the writer incorporates a brief discussion of "The Center of the Cyclone" by J.C.Lilly.
From the Paper "According to Davis, transpersonal psychology represents an integration of certain psychological concepts, theories and methods with an emphasis upon spiritual disciplines. As Davis puts it, the key concept and interests of transpersonal psychology include spiritual experiences, mystical states of consciousness mindfulness and meditative practices, shamanic states ritual, the overlap of spiritual experiences and disturbed states, such as psychosis and depression and the transpersonal dimensions of relationships service and encounters with the natural world. The central concept in Transpersonal Psychology is self transcendence ... "
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to describe, contrast, and compare the tropical cyclone, which can develop into a hurricane, and the tornado. Although the term "cyclone" is used also in popular parlance as a name for a tornado, this usage will be avoided here, since it would obviously be confusing. Cyclones and tornadoes are cyclonic phenomena, in that both consist of a mass of air that is whirling rapidly counterclockwise, but there are vast differences between them. The most important difference between the cyclone and the tornado is that the cyclone is a normal large-scale phenomenon--there are almost always cyclones somewhere within certain latitude belts of the northern hemisphere during many months of the year--but the tornado is a small-scale local phenomenon, and so inherently far more difficult to predict."
Abstract This paper explores the way in which American photographer, Harvey Stein, portrays New York City's kitschy escape destination in his photo-essay book "Coney Island". The paper discusses how Stein uses color and subjects to put together a book which so successfully reflects the feel and atmosphere of Coney Island.
From the Paper "Instead of giving Stein credit for continuing to grow rather than fall trap to a particular style, his critics lament his progress much the same as we lament all progress and our own aging and growth away from the things we found so magical in our youth.
But Stein is a photojournalist and the story changes with the times. Stein doesn't seem interested in the story behind the scenes, but rather in that which presents itself now in the pure, raw immediacy of the moment."
Abstract This research paper sheds light on the destruction caused by super typhoon Pongnosa in Guam on December 11, 2002 and its aftermath. Furthermore, the paper highlights the efforts of the contemporary as well as the previous governments and the necessary remedial measures taken by other authorities. The paper also includes a discussion on the impact of this shattering mishap on the tourism industry, which is the mainstay of Guam's economy.
From the Paper "According to the special reports regarding the hazardous typhoon, ?with winds upward of 180 miles per hour, Pongsona descended furiously on Guam December 8 with the intensity of a Category 5 hurricane,? razing homes of the majority of Guam's residents, setting oil and other combustible tanks on fire (American Red Cross helping thousands: 2002). The ravage evaluation reports by Red Cross assessed that seven thousand and nine hundred homes were obliterated with more than three thousand homesteads experiencing complete destruction at the hands of Pongsona."
Abstract This report presents a summary of hurricanes in general. The paper discusses the path of Hurricane Andrew. The paper explains that Hurricane Andrew was a small, but extremely ferocious hurricane that inflicted an unprecedented economic devastation all along its path through the northwestern Bahamas, the southern Florida peninsula, and south-central Louisiana. The paper contends that record amount of damage has been updated to well over forty billion dollars, making Hurricane Andrew one of the most expensive natural disasters in the history of the United States.
From the Paper "A hurricane is basically a very big tropical cyclone like weather system that develops in the tropics. There are certain storm classifications that distinguish types of storms: Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm and a Hurricane. One major distinction between these different types of storms is the speed of the associated winds. A Tropical Depression usually has all of the makings of a storm such as persistent clouds and thunderstorms but the maximum sustained winds are at most thirty eight miles per hour. A Tropical Storm also has strong thunderstorms and winds blowing between thirty nine to seventy three miles per hour. In the case of a Hurricane, the tropical weather system's winds range from seventy four miles per hour and up."
Abstract This paper explains that tsunami, powerful force of nature, is the term for a seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake and an undersea landslide or volcanic eruption. Hurricanes and cyclones also can cause tsunamis, which are called storm surges. The author points out that in Japan, which has one of the most populated coastal regions in the world and a long history of earthquake activity, tsunamis have destroyed entire coastal communities. The paper discusses at length the most lethal tsunami ever recorded preceded, which the eruption of Krakato in 1883, on the island of Krakatoa in the Sunda Stratis between Sumatra and Java.
From the Paper "Today, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located in Honolulu and administered by the U.S. National Weather Service, tries to save lives and safeguard property from tsunami by monitoring seismometers and tide gauges throughout the Pacific. A major quake anywhere in this region rings warning bells and geophysicists scurry to decipher the quakes location and size. If they decide that the quakes generate tsunami, they then will issue a "tsunami watch" to all member nations it the Pacific, including (last but not least) Japan. When observers or instruments actually detect tsunami waves that "watch" becomes an official warning., and is updated as waves proceed."
Abstract The writer of this paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the effects of tornadoes, one of the deadliest atmospheric conditions known to man. This paper also details the event of May 30, 1998 in which a tornado hit the small town of Spencer, North Dakota. This paper examines the differences between tornadoes, hurricanes and cyclones. Tornadoes differ from hurricanes in that they form over land, while hurricanes form over water. This paper explores how tornadoes develop as well as the atmospheric conditions that must occur to form tornadoes, including vast thermal instability, high humidity and the meeting of warm, moist air at low levels with cooler, drier air above. The writer also examines a recent trend, called storm chasing which has become a popular, recreational sport. Professional storm chasers include meteorologists and scientists who study storms to try to discover how to predict them earlier and understand just how they form.
From the Paper "The National Weather Service (NWS) does have certain criteria that indicate certain weather patterns that spawn tornadoes. When these patterns occur, the NWS does issue "tornado watches," which can be upgraded to tornado warnings if the conditions persist or intensify. A warning tells people that a tornado may be imminent and they should take shelter immediately. Experts recommend that small, interior rooms are the best for shelter in the event of a tornado. Basements are good, but people should stay away from windows in any part of the house. Hiding under a heavy piece of furniture can also be a good idea. People are more educated about tornadoes than they were, and so they are better at protecting themselves when tornadoes strike. Many large cities have underground tornado shelters that help save many lives each year."
Abstract Hurricane Katrina touched land near New Orleans, Louisiana on August 29, 2005 and its storm surge ripped the levees built to protect New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain. With hundreds dead and damage along the coastal regions of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama costing more than $200 billion, Katrina is considered the most destructive and costliest tropical cyclone to hit the United States. This paper examines literature relating to Hurricane Katrina. Among the texts explored are: J. Galle's "Vulnerable Cities" (2005), "New Orleans' Levees Not Built for Worst Case Events" by B. Handwerk (2005) and "New Orleans: Nature's Revenge" by A. Blenford (2005).
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Methods
Findings
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Delta soils by nature compact and sink in time, giving way to open water, except when fresh layers of sediments are placed to offset them. The Mississippi spring floods previously retained that balance, but yearly deluges were often destructive. The strong flood 1927 erased the levees, lined with concrete and funneled marsh-building sediments to the deep waters of the Gulf. Engineers also severed more than 8,000 miles of canals through the marsh for petroleum exploration and ship traffic (Bourne 2005). These new ditches increased the incidence of erosion and allowed huge and lethal amounts of salt water to penetrate and infiltrate brackish and freshwater marshes."
Abstract This paper analyzes hurricanes. It discusses how hurricanes are formed and describes their structure. The paper discusses the affects of hurricanes on their surrounding environment. It then describes what is needed in order for a hurricane to increase in strength, as well as how it can become weaker. The paper concludes with the writer's personal memories and experiences with hurricanes.
From the Paper "Hurricanes are warm storms fueled by thunderstorms near their center. But before we can call any storm a hurricane, there are certain criteria that have to be met. Sometimes hurricanes can use pre-existing systems of disturbed weather to form; although in this system they must have some sort of circulation as well as a low pressure center. Another component that helps to form a hurricane is low wind shear. High wind shear would prevent the formation of a feedback loop which helps power the storm. Warm water is another and probably the most important component in the formations of hurricanes. Water temperatures have to be at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit down to a depth of at least 150 feet. Hurricanes are known as warm storms so it would only make sense that they form in warm water. The last component that will be mentioned is, distance from the equator. The minimum distance that a hurricane can form from the equator is 310 miles or 5 degrees on a map. This distance allows the Coriolis Effect to circulate the storm system giving it the appearance of a pin wheel (Wikipedia, 2007)."
This paper discusses how scientists predict the number of hurricanes expected during a season as well as the development and motion of a single hurricane.
Abstract The paper looks at the role of observation in hurricane forecasting by satellites ships, buoys, reconnaissance aircraft, radiosondes and radar. The paper then relates that scientists use complicated computer models to chart the storm's intensity and progress and issue warnings to the public. The paper discusses the prediction models available and shows how it is extremely difficult to forecast hurricanes totally correctly throughout the hurricane season, since there are still too many variables in gathering and analyzing the data that is available.
From the Paper "Observation is the first element of hurricane forecasting, and it includes several methods of observing and tracking hurricanes and tropical storms that could develop into hurricanes. Observation begins when the predicted storms are far away from land and still far out to sea (all hurricanes form over oceans). The first method of observation is satellites, or the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). These satellites are used to provide a wide variety of data on the forming hurricanes, such as "location, size, movement, and intensity of a storm, and analyze its surrounding environment" ("Observations"). In addition, the satellites emit radiation that reflects from the atmosphere, which allows the satellite to measure moisture, winds, atmospheric temperature, and cloud cover of the storm. All of this data is transmitted to the NHC, where it is analyzed."
