Abstract
Examines the role of interest rates within business cycles. Centers on U.S. business environment. History of business cycles; lack of uniformity. Use of business cycles & practice of economic forecasting. Usefulnes of business cycles to companies. Analyzing economic measures & indicators. Fluctation of interest rates. Federal Funds Rate. 2 Charts.

From the Paper
"Introduction
Business cycles have long been an area of interest because of the criticality of economic trends for the social and political welfare of the country. Numerous public and private organizations are devoted to the production of regular economic forecasts, and heavily funded research projects seek more accurate and reliable models on which to base these forecasts. While much attention is focused on the area of economic forecasting, and numerous computerized models have been developed to predict economic performance, there is also considerable interest in the role of interest rates within the business cycle. This research examines the business cycle and the role of interest rates within cycles.

Background
Until the 1970s, it ..."

Abstract
The paper discusses the lack of uniformity in international business cycles. It also examines the way the use and prevalence of business cycles has given rise to the practice of short-term and long-term economic forecasting. The paper looks at whether the fluctuation of interest rates is a result of or one of the contributing factors to a business cycle.

From the Paper
"Until the 1970s, it was widely accepted that the American economy passed through business cycles. Such cycles were characterized by expansion and contraction phases, and conventional wisdom held that such cycles differed in the length of the cycle, but not in the existence of the cycle overall. From 1854 to the mid-1960s, analysts generally considered that business cycles varied in length from between one and eight years, with the most common length being three years and the average length being four (Balasko & Ghiglino, 1995, p. 566)."

Tags:expansion, contraction, uniformity, indicator, Keynes

Abstract
This paper discusses business cycles, which are recurring periods of expansion and contraction in the economy. The paper shows that properly analyzing the business economy and predicting the direction in which it is going for purposes of business and investment decisions is important to know what phase of the business cycle it is in. Forecasts and analysis can be based on major indicators such as GDP and stock indices, which provide quantifiable information on macroeconomic movement, trends and direction.

From the Paper
"The economy experiences periods of recurrent expansion and contraction; the pattern of recession and recovery is called the business cycle. A business cycle has been defined as "recurrent sequences of cumulative expansions an contraction in various economic processes which are both sufficiently diffused and sufficiently synchronized to show up as major fluctuations in comprehensive measures of employment, product, income and sales." (Hildebrand, 1992). The definition of business cycles includes a requirement that expansions and contractions be diffused throughout the economy. Transition points across cycles are called peaks and troughs; a peak is the transition from the end of an expansion to the start of a contraction, while a trough occurs at the bottom of a recession just as the economy enters a recovery."

Tags:recession, sales, profit

Abstract
This paper discusses the various life cycles or phases experienced by an organization. The paper examines the start-up phase, the growth phase, and the maturity phase. Challenges that occur in the growth and maturity phases are explored in the paper. The paper outlines the possible decline of a company and contends that this decline can be reversed and the company renewed.

From the Paper
"The start-up phase is the first phase experienced by a company at its inception. This phase is also referred to as "birth". Actions taken during this phase include thinking about the business, forming a management group, and writing a business plan. Challenges faced during this stage include acquiring start-up funds, testing marketability of the product or service, and being effective in writing the business plan. The above-mentioned challenges are closely interlinked with each other. Start-up funds for example is integrated with the marketability and business plan of the product or service. If a product is not marketable, it is unlikely that a sponsor or loan will be found for it. The success of the business is thus dependent upon the quality of planning in this stage. Marketability is tested by methods such as telephone surveys and questionnaires. The entrepreneur should make sure that a large enough proportion of the market over representative areas is surveyed in order to provide an accurate view of the market. In order for the business plan to be successful, the market and its demographics should be taken into consideration. Marketing experts could be consulted for this. Once the business is declared open, it enters the growth phase."

Tags:business, start-up, growth, maturity

Abstract
This paper explains that the pioneering firm enters a relatively unpopulated market where there is a lot of unexploited market potential; the company's market share and market power are high, but its initial sales volume is quite low. The author points out that, in the maturity phase, the challenge is to maintain core competency, while expanding the market with new product development and ancillary products.The paper states that, although it is most important in the pioneering phase, buy-in is critical in asking investors and employees to understand because buy-in is necessary to institute strong management in the life cycles themselves.

From the Paper
"The focus in all of these stages is balance. Management must know in which stage the organization is at the moment, and must capitalize on that knowledge. At all times, management must be open with employees and investors with regard to the present stage and the plans to act upon that knowledge. Withholding financials and long-term goals from middle managers and investors does not create an environment in which the organization can successfully work towards increasing profits in the pioneering phase, lengthening the growth phase, managing liberally during the maturity phase to create new markets and hopefully avoiding the decline phase."

Tags:potential, creativity, buy-in, sales, competency

Abstract
The paper discusses how an accounting cycle refers to certain procedures that must be established by every business unit to allow data to be reported on financial statements. The paper relates that the accounting process consists of two interrelated parts: the recording phase and the summarizing phase. The paper offers Dann & Berns, Inc. as an example. The paper examines how Dann & Berns is using an advanced accounting system that is linked to all departments where it can generate all kinds of reports it will need in a fast and efficient way. The paper completes the accounting cycle of the finance firm. The paper reveals that the cycle is quite similar to other firms in conformity with the governing accounting standards.

From the Paper
"To clearly illustrate the complete accounting cycle of a finance company, let us take as an example Dann & Berns, Inc. The company is engaged in providing business analysis including credit investigation, a thorough study of the company profile, review of the client's financial statements, and providing an overall rating of the clients, whom we will call as subjects in this example. Among Dann & Berns' subjects include big companies who are applying for accreditation as a distributor of another firm; applicant verification for banks and other financial institutions offering various types of loans, as part of their pre-approval requirements; outsourcing companies and other headhunting firms for hire-right purposes; and others from different industries."

Tags:business, analysis, financial, statement

Abstract
This paper explains that the price component of the marketing mix will vary according to the specific phase in the product's life cycle. The author points out that, in the release phase of the product life cycle, the company can generally use two strategies, depending on whether it decides on a high or a low release price. A high release price strategy is also known as a market skimming or a low cost strategy for a quick penetration of the market. The paper relates that the mature phase of the product is characterized by stabilized sales and growth rates, and the company will tend to enter a defensive or even analytical phase.

From the Paper
"The adolescent phase of the product is characterized by "strong (exponential) growth of the sales volume, concurrent with an increase in performance, features and product variants." The product is now situated in the stars corners from the BCG (Boston Consulting Group) matrix, with high sales and a high rate of growth. If this is the case, then the company can choose one of the offensive price strategies, so that it can exploit both the high sales and the potential growth. One of these strategies is the outpacing strategy, which assumes that the competitors can be dominated through both price and quality of the product."

Tags:price, strategy, skimming, sales, analytical

Abstract
The paper analyzes dopamine's chemical application and explains the neurochemistry aspects of the brain. The paper looks at recent drugs that act upon dopamine receptors to inhibit sleep and examines their cost and effectiveness.

Outline:
Role of Dopamine in Human Sleep/Wake Cycle
Chemical Application of Dopamine
Recent Drugs that Act upon Dopamine Receptors to Inhibit Seep
Cost and Effectiveness

From the Paper
"Dopamine is a biogenic amine, catecholamine (an amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine, hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the CNS (Central Nervous System) to manage and/or organize emotion, cardiovascular, hormonal, renal, locomotion and cognitive processes. Dopamine was discovered by two great scientists: Arvid Carlsson and Nils-Ake Hillarp at a Heart Laboratory in Sweden. Arvid Carlsson won a Pulitzer Prize for his discovery. Dopamine is synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain as this controls every endocrine gland in the body. Many changes occur in the neurotransmitter levels of the brain, which evolves wake/sleep cycles."

Tags:neurochemistry, neurotransmitter, receptors

Abstract
This in-depth paper discusses how if the number of parties in a coalition government, such as Turkey's, increases, public debt also increases. Additionally, if the government applies expansionary economic policies in order to influence voters and maximize its chance of reelection before election, then budget deficits and public debt increase. This paper focuses on ways the management of various government structures affected diverse fiscal and monetary variables, inflation and output in Turkey during the period of 1983 - 2005.

Contents:
Title page
Hypothesis
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: Literature Review
Chapter III: Methodology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Electoral Political-Business Cycle "argues that a government would like to apply expansionary economic policies in order to influence voters and maximize its chance of reelection before election. Structure which analyzes the effects of the fractionalized governments (coalition or minority governments versus majority governments) on their economic policies. Roubini and Sachs (1989, Roubini, Nouriel and Jeffrey, D. Sachs. Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in The Industrial Democracies. European Economic Review,33, pp.903-938) present evidence, which suggest that the higher budget deficits are characterized by a short-term coalition or minority governments. Similarly, Andrabi (1997.Andrabi, Tahir. Seignorage, Taxation and Weak Government. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29,pp.106-26) shows that fractionalization and political divisions tend to raise government expenditure and lower taxes. All of these studies argue that this result holds due to veto power on specific projects, spending cuts that interfere with the interests of their respective constituencies, and instability of coalition governments. More fractionalized and more polarized polities! Differences in ideological preferences face greater difficulties in coordinating action over fiscal policy (Roubini and Sachs, 1989). This causes an overexploitation of fiscal resources, especially in the form of public debt that falls on the shoulders of future generations (Velasco, 1999. Velasca, Andres. A Model of Endogenous Fiscal Deficits and Delayed Fiscal Reforms. Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance, NBER Conference Report Series, pp. 37-57.) In order to enhance their re-election prospects and concretionary policies after the lections, governments in developing countries engage in expansionary fiscal policies before elections."

Tags:GNP, Lira, industrialists, domestic, liquidity, governments, Turgut, Ozal, Suleyman, Demirel, politicians

Abstract
Business cycle theories have been the topic of discussion for many years. There are several business cycle theories that are reliable and trustworthy, while others are controversial and easily disproved. This paper distinguishes between the different theories of the business cycle. These theories include Keynesian aggregate demand theory, the Monetarist aggregate demand theory and the new classical and new Keynesian theories of the business cycle and the real business theory. In addition, the paper describes the origins of and the mechanisms at work during the expansion of the 1990s, the recession of 2001 and the Great Depression.

From the Paper
"Aggregate demand simply describes the correlation between the amount of aggregate output and the price height when every other variable is held constant. According to an article entitled "Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis" from the Keynesian point of view the aggregate demand is determined "in terms of its four components: consumer expenditures, investment (meaning investment in physical capital, not investment in assets) spending, government expenditures, and net exports." The equations that Keynesian use to express an aggregate demand curve is Y = C + I + G + Xn. "

Tags:aggregate, demand, investment