Abstract
The paper defines warfare and offers a distinction between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. The paper suggests that cyberwar is a strategic initiative that can only be waged by a government or structured political-military establishment while cyberterrorism is a low intensity action that can be waged by anyone that has knowledge of information technology. The paper discusses how it is more likely that cyberterrorism would be the weapon of war for the cyberbattlefield since it is cheaper to implement and single individuals could be deployed all over the world to initiate their individual cyberattacks or engage in a concerted effort.

From the Paper
"It is the harsh and unfortunate reality that the history of mankind relates to the history of warfare and violence. Prehistoric men used sticks and stones to conquer neighboring tribes and in the same manner, these weapons were used to hunt and forage for food. With the discovery of fire, mankind was able to cook the food hunted and gathered while also keeping warm on cold nights. But still, fire was used as a weapon of warfare when sticks, stones and strings were brought together to form the spears and the bows and arrows. Fire was used with these implements to ensure maximum damage to the opponents thus ensuring victory to the more innovative combatant. Throughout the centuries, various weapons of warfare that maximizes destruction of adversaries were invented by man - gunpowder, the cannon, various types of guns and rifles and of course the nuclear bomb."

Tags:warfare, computer, networks, infrastructure, Russia, Estonia

Abstract
The paper examines one unique facet of terrorism, cyberterrorism, as a threat to national sovereignty. The paper contends that information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide potentially invaluable tools for the aims of cyberterrorism, and constitute a vulnerability before the independence of the modern state. The paper discusses the extent of that vulnerability, and identifies areas worthy of further examination.

Introduction
Thesis
Worst Case Scenario
How Cyberterrorism Will Impact Sovereignty
Recruitment to Terrorist Ideologies
Propaganda/Deliberate Misinformation
Attack(s) On Critical Infrastructure
Sovereign Borders Support Terrorism
Extent of Vulnerability/Risks to Sovereignty
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Cybercrime is not necessarily cyberterrorism. One must resist the temptation to sensationalize criminal acts that involve computer hardware or software with this term. Cybercrime is not necessarily cyberterrorism; criminal activity conducted for financial/personal or some other benefit. Cyberterrorism and other terrorism-based activities are measured in terms of loss (physical, emotional, life) rather than gain. The distinction between the two terms is an important one, and the waters of clarity are often muddied by media reporting and attempted sensationalism. Circulation and viewing audiences will react with increased interest when the term 'cyberterrorism' is invoked. It is difficult to resist the temptation to sensationalize criminal acts that involve computer hardware or software with the term 'cyberterrorism'."

Tags:public, policy, decision, Islamic, fundamentalism, public, resilience, liabilities, vulnerabilities

Abstract
This paper will argue that, despite the undeniable media appeal of the idea of cyberterrorism, its impact is minimal in contemporary society. As will be seen, although criminal activities are widespread on the Internet, none to date have had the global impact of physical, real-world terrorist acts. This being said, there is a high probability of cyberterrorism becoming a very real fact of life in the wired, broadband global village of the twenty-first century.

Abstract
The paper discusses how computer security is a major issue increasing in importance as the use of the computer has increased. The paper explains that security vulnerabilities are identified by users and manufacturers and corrected as possible by software patches, and security is also sought through the use of firewalls and other protective software cloaks. The paper discusses how security breaches come in many forms, from the sending of computer viruses to the use of tracking programs that allow an outside agency to see everything done on a given computer. The paper relates that the problem leads in some cases to computer crime, and in other cases to even greater security breaches and the threat of cyberterrorism, a major concern in the current climate of international tensions and security threats. The paper looks at how various ways of fighting back have been developed, including legislation to give the government the tools needed to take action.

From the Paper
"Computer security is a major issue increasing in importance as the use of the computer has increased. Security vulnerabilities are identified by users and manufacturers and corrected as possible by software patches. Security is also sought through the use of firewalls and other protective software cloaks. Security breaches come in many forms, from the sending of computer viruses to the use of tracking programs that allow an outside agency to see everything done on a given computer. The problem leads in some cases to computer crime, and in other cases to even greater security breaches and the threat of cyberterrorism, a major concern in the current..."

Tags:computer, crime, terrorism

Abstract
This paper discusses computer hacking, further exploring the differences between criminal hacking and ethical hacking. First, the paper describes how hacking evolved with the advent of computer technology. Then, it explains how hacking has become in some instances a criminal activity. Additionally, the paper highlights who is a hacker and their highly specialized skill set. Next, the paper addresses the dangers of criminal hacking and how it can even be called cyberterrorism. This is compared with ethical hackers whose job is to maintain computer security in an organization. The paper concludes by warning companies and national security agencies to be cautious when hiring ethical hackers.

From the Paper
"The term hacker of late has become a pejorative word to label someone who has malicious intent by "breaking into computers for fun, revenge, or profit (Palmer, 2001)." Historically though, the term hacker has a positive connotation because it describes "a person who enjoys learning the details of computer systems and how to stretch their capabilities and one who programs enthusiastically or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming (Palmer, 2001)." The more apropos term for those nefarious individuals bent on compromising the information systems environment is cracker, a shortened and combination of criminal hacker. Since there are really differences between a hacker and a cracker but the former has been ingrained in people's mind to denote someone malicious, the rest of the paper will differentiate the two in the same manner Palmer did by using the term ethical hacker for the good guys and criminal hacker for the opponents."

Tags:cybercrooks, firewalls, intrusion detection, security analysts, cracker, cyberterrorists

Abstract
This paper provides a definition of the word terrorism and goes on to give a short history and explanation of terrorist attacks. It also explains the difference between soft and hard targets and how terrorism has now reached the world of technology, concluding with a warning of how future terrorist attacks could have catastrophic results.

Outline:
Background and History
The Concept of Asymmetric Warfare
Hard and Soft Terrorism Targets and the Psychology of Fear
Cyberterrorism and Terrorism Recruitment in the Computer Age
Future Implications of Current Terrorist Threats

From the Paper
''Terrorism directed at hard targets (i.e. those that are particularly high-value and highly protected from external threats) poses much greater challenges to execute successfully that terrorism directed at soft targets (i.e. those that are not particularly high-value and left comparatively vulnerable). In addition to the comparative simplicity, cost, and prospect of success of terrorism against soft targets, that tactic is also especially attractive to terrorists because it allows for nearly complete surprise. Furthermore, to terrorists, there is a dual value to the element of surprise: first, it dramatically increases the likelihood of tactical success because it is unopposed by threat prevention or mitigation measures; second, it increases public fear significantly (Hoffman, 2003;
Larsen, 2007).
''Terrorism against soft targets is, therefore, terrorizing precisely because it defies any possible precautions. People can protect themselves against terrorism against hard targets (such as government agencies and public facilities) by choosing to avoid those obvious potential targets. However, it is much more difficult (if not altogether impossible) to protect one's self from terrorist acts perpetrated against random soft
targets (such as shopping centers, restaurants, and movie theaters). That is one of several reasons that the World Trade Center terrorist attacks of 2001 were particularly terrorizing: the victims were ordinary civilians going about the most ordinary parts of their lives.''

Tags:victims, targets, vulnerable

Abstract
This paper examines technological terrorism and their use of weapons of mass destruction. It discusses specific cases where the weapons have been used and the vulnerabilities of places in the United States if terrorists decided to attack. The paper specifically looks at the vulnerabilities that include the energy and information technology sectors.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Aum Shinrikyo
Technological Terrorism
U.S. Vulnerability to Technological Terrorism
The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism
Biological and Chemical Terrorism
Cyberterrorism
Summary

From the Paper
"The turn of the Millennium was quite uneventful in terms of problems with information technology. Various experts predicted catastrophes when the year 2000 arrived if computer systems were not updated to handle the time change. Whether this was a myth or the computer technicians did so well preparing for the Millennium is difficult to determine. Nevertheless, it raised awareness to the vulnerabilities of the information era. Cyberterrorists could shut down key institutions such as economic or energy delivering institutions. These could raise considerable fear, which in itself could prevent people from using their technology. Governments are aware of these issues and have addressed them to varying degrees."

Tags:chemical, nuclear, devastation, WMD

Abstract
The paper attempts to bridge the gap between older knowledge of cybercrime and the spin-off of cyberterrorism. The paper also identifies threats and vulnerabilities in relation to specific needs for re-form in existing laws while also suggesting ways to enhance current legislation.

From the Paper
"On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorists successfully bombed and destroyed the World Trade Center in New York. Given the damage and disruption to critical technology and information systems, the attacks had immediate and significant economic impact on the United States and world markets. In the aftermath, the media grew ripened with panic and speculation over the threat of cyberterrorism. As hysteria settled into concrete dialog, however, it soon became apparent that existing laws and legislation were inadequate in equipping law enforcement and officials..."

Tags:computer, crime, legislation

Abstract
This paper examines the specific uses of computers in law enforcement in local, state, and federal governments. It describes different modern technologies that these governments are using for greater protection and security.

From the Paper
"Presently, it is hard to come across any personal, business or private sector that is not set up or administered by computers as a means of protection, security or organization. The subsequent paragraphs will include examples, details, and facts in part how computers play a key role of importance in the criminal justice field. Computers intertwine within the criminal justice field in such areas dealing with all levels of government and law enforcement in private, local, state and federal levels."

Tags:computers, crime, crimial, cyber, cybercrime, cyberterrorism, enforcement, government, justice, law, police, security, terrorism

Abstract
This paper examines computer security as a critical factor for the success of any corporation. The degree of crimes that can occur through computers and through the Internet are examined to prove just how serious the issue at hand is. Installing the appropriate security software on the network is costly, but the paper proves that considering the cost of having a hacker access the corporation's plans, financial records, and/or the credit card numbers of customers, it is well worth the price.

From the Paper
"Cyberterorrism, information warfare, and economic espionage are looked into to prove the disasters that could be awaiting corporations and governments worldwide. Cyberspace is the latest arena for crime; and hacking is one of those crimes. Several examples are given, as well as "a group of hackers testified before Congress stating that better security is needed because a sophisticated hacker could disable the global network in less than 30 minutes and keep it that way for days. A Swedish hacker jammed the 911 emergency phone system in Florida. A Russian hacker transferred $3.7 million from Citibank in New York to numerous accounts around the world. Teenage hackers broke into the Pentagon's computer system and took software that is used to track military satellites. A hacker altered phone switches so that calls placed to a phone-sex line in New York were routed to a Florida county probation department""

Tags:technology, firewalls, hackers, cyberterrorism, security, crime, internet