Abstract
This paper discusses the issues involved in cybercrime and provides suggestions how to investigate and prosecute offenders. The paper describes the efforts made by the Council of Europe to combat cybercrime. The paper states that a nation must create its own laws regarding various types of cybercrime, including illegal access, illegal interception of electronic communications, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, computer-related forgery and fraud, child pornography, copyright, aiding or abetting, and corporate liability.

Outline
History of European Efforts
Parallel Initiatives
Limits to the Convention's Requirements
Essential Investigative Elements
Equating ISPs with Telecommunications Companies
U.S. Freedom of Speech Laws
Cybercrime Determinations
Serious Harm
Dual Criminality
When is a Crime a Crime?
Another Agency Is Needed
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While the European Union is the body most in the news, it is by no means the oldest such body involved in dealing with criminal activities in Europe. The Council of Europe (CoE) is older, having been established in 1949 to uphold and strengthen human rights and to promote democracy and the rule of law in Europe. Since then, its 44 member states, often with the cooperation of the United States, have been branching out beyond that mandate (FAQs, U.S. Department of Justice Web site 2003). The organization, far more than the United Nations or the European Union, has begun to tackle the issues involved in cybercrime, as well as how to investigate and prosecute offenders. Specific extradition and prisoner transfer protocols are, at this point, matters to be worked out between the states involved, and are not specified in the Convention on Cybercrime itself in any specific manner."

Tags:law, computer, internet

Abstract
The paper discusses how the lack of a precise definition of cybercrime, as well as the lack of trained personnel, has made investigations regarding cybercrime difficult. The paper asserts that once cybercrime is categorized and defined, improvements can be made in training law enforcement personnel. The paper then examines a research study on law enforcement personnel in UK that aimed to obtain a definition of cybercrime. The paper addresses the significance of the study, the appropriateness of the research design, the research questions and the limitations and delimitations of the study.

Outline:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of Study
Proposed Research Design Appropriateness
Research Questions
Limitations and Delimitations

From the Paper
"Cybercrime originated at a time prior to Microsoft Windows, the Internet, or the personal computer (PC) (Thomas, 2008, pp 11-19). The first recorded incident of cybercrime occurred in 1964 when a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) student used an MIT computer to mimic the tones necessary to access the long distance phone service (Thomas, 2008). Since 1964, crimes committed over the Internet have become more sophisticated and entail the perpetrator taking bigger risks to commit the crime. In 1978, the Bulletin Board System (BBS) was established (Thomas, 2008, pp 121-190). The system, using a modem and telephone, allowed computers throughout the world to talk to each other. As the BBS grew, so did the number of computer gurus and computer hackers (Thomas, 2008, pp 21-60).
"In the early 1990s, in the early stages of Internet use, when Win3.X was the primary operating system of personal computers, the user needed to configure the settings in a text editor, using computer jargon (Thomas, 2008, pp 121-190). To access the Internet a certain amount of hacking and programming was necessary (Thomas, 2008, pp 121-190), which resulted in the true beginnings of cybercrime. Soon afterward, unauthorized access, denial of service attacks (DoS), cyberterrorism, cyberstalking, identity theft, and phishing came into existence. The number of reported cybercrimes has continued to increase. In 2007, more than 90,000 of the 206,884 Internet crimes were referred to law enforcement agencies across the UK (IC3, 2008). Two thousand and seven also saw a $40 million increase in financial losses from the prior year (IC3, 2008)."

Tags:cyberspace, Internet, crminals, crime

Abstract
Cybercrime - especially cybercrime involving identify theft - can be a terrifying experience. The following paper will explore this issue by focusing upon a notorious 2008 case involving Harvard University where the institution's prestigious Graduate School of Arts & Sciences' had its database hacked into by individuals apparently intent upon showing that the server's administration is incompetent at securing the site from outside threats. Over the next several pages, several items will be explored as far as the available information will allow: the initial response; the nature of the crime; the victim(s); the evidence gathering; the suspects; and how the crime was committed. The paper will then conclude with a brief step-by-step investigation of the crime. In the end, the most important lesson to be learned from all of this is that, without a strong preventive policy in place, such embarrassing - and potentially dangerous - situations are going to become and more frequent as computer and database hackers become more and more sophisticated and calculating.

From the Paper
Cybercrime at Harvard: The 2008 Violation of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences' Database Introduction Cybercrime - especially cybercrime involving identify theft - can be a terrifying experience. The following paper will explore this issue by focusing upon a notorious 2008 case involving Harvard University where the institution's prestigious Graduate School of Arts & Sciences' had its database hacked into by individuals apparently intent upon showing that the server's administration is incompetent at securing the site from outside threats. Over the next several pages, several items will be

Tags:school, graduate, database

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the past few years, the increase in cybercrime, or crime conducted through the Internet, has emerged as a significant concern for government agencies, buyers and sellers conducting business online, and parents. The writer explains that the United States Department of Justice has defined cybercrime as computer intrusion, including such issues as password trafficking, counterfeiting currency, child pornography or exploitation, Internet fraud and spam, Internet harassment, Internet bomb threats, and trafficking in explosive or incendiary devices or firearms over the Internet. The writer concludes that the research in the area of cybercrime indicates that it is a growing epidemic that is very easy to commit, due to the widespread reach of the Internet and the ability to be anonymous.

Outline:
Introduction
Online Businesses
Hardware and Virus Attacks
Online Predators
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As a result, many crimes are committed against the valid owner of the credit card. In addition, online vendors assume no liability for credit card fraud. If an online purchase is made with a stolen credit card, the vendor is not liable. As long as the transaction went through and a signature was received from the customer, the vendor will receive his payment from the credit card company. As soon as the valid owner of the credit card receives a bill and becomes aware of the fraud, his complaint to the credit card company will not affect himself nor the online vendor. It is ultimately the card issuer that absorbs the financial loss."

Tags:computer, intrusion, harassment, victim

Abstract
This paper proposes a research project on a field of cybercrime that is of particular concern to parents and all of those who are concerned about the safety of children: The exposure of children to pornography through the Internet and the far more serious problem of children's becoming involved in the production of pornography through contacts that they make when surfing the web.

From the Paper
"One of the newest areas of crime is what we might call cybercrime: The use of the reach of computers joined with telecommunications technologies to perform criminal acts from a "virtual" distance. The at least seeming anonymity of computer technologies may actually encourage some people who would not otherwise be tempted to commit crimes to do so using the Internet. They may simply believe that they will never be caught. Or they may not think about being caught at all: They may simply find the lure of committing virtual crimes too psychologically appealing to resist. Many of those who commit crimes on the Internet are in fact psychologically disturbed and need compassionate treatment by psychiatric professionals. However, this does not lessen the real harm that they can do to people and they must be stopped."

Tags:internet, crime, pornography, children, computer

Abstract
This paper proposes a research project on a field of cybercrime that is of particular concern to parents and all of those who are concerned about the safety of children: The exposure of children to pornography through the Internet and the far more serious problem of children's becoming involved in the production of pornography through contacts that they make when surfing the web.

From the Paper
"The statistics concerning the incidents of cybercrime are alarming indeed in no small measure because of the myriad ways in which home computers have become integrated into every aspect of our lives. Computers seem to be always on and always available to children and because of this many adults do not remember how vigilant they in fact should be. The following are some important statistics to be aware of:
1 in 3 households have been intruded upon through the internet. (National White Collar Crime Center)
Online child pornography/child sex exploitation is the most significant crime problem confronting the FBI that involves crimes against children. (FBI Innocent Images National Initiative)
"There was a 1,264% increase in the number of cases opened over the last four years. (FBI Innocent Images National Initiative). ""

Tags:investigation, paedophile, analogous, professional, internet, learning, tool, teens, research, school

Abstract
The paper defines cybercrime as "criminal activities that are carried out by using the electronics communication media". It discusses cybercrime that is primarily an abuse of online technology as well as those cybercrimes that take advantage of informational technology. Both of these types of crime are presented as new methods of committing the same old crimes. Because these crimes are easier and anonymous, the writer explains that new criminals are being created. The paper concludes that cybercrime is no longer the domain of computer experts, it is committed by individuals, small groups, mafias and organized crime.

From the Paper
"Usage of computers and internet is rising fast due to lower costs and faster and easier connectivity which has made it a convenient means to transact commercially and personally. The transactions are heavily reliant on interacting through automatic means instead of face to face meetings which creates a vast expanse in allowing additional and anonymous opportunities for crimes to be perpetuated. "Computer Crimes" include crimes that are perpetrated in regard to materials that are integral to the computer such as software and records and its processing tools. "Cyber Crimes" are criminal activities that are carried out by using the electronics communication media. The most significant worries about cyber crime relate to spoofing, pharming and phishing by misusing online observation technologies. Additionally, there are several other modes of criminal activities that are inflicted by using information technology, such as industrial espionage, cyber terrorism, pornography, defamation, harassment and certain regulatory offences. The current criminal law in most nations does deal with cyber crimes but there are problems in the new technology being effectively addressed from the legal perspective since most statutes and jurisdictional issues may not be considered appropriate in dealing with cyber crime (Jewkes, 2007).
"All advancements in technology appear to create new ways of crime as new systems are developed in meeting the aspirations of human beings. New and novel activities are created almost on a daily basis and new fangled viruses are set off into the electronic world with a regularity that is becoming alarming by the day. Cyber crime is on the constant increase but this does not imply that such crimes are new; it is only that novel methods have been developed to commit the existing crimes and that better ways have also been developed to detect them. Cyber crimes have intensified due to the fact that authorities have now become more cautious and careful in tackling electronic crimes in comparison to about ten years ago. There has been increased confidence and reliance on sophisticated tracking systems, increasing utilization of computer forensics and the creation of high tech organizations that have enabled the visibility of cyber crimes."

Tags:internet spoofing pharming phishing, industrial espionage, viruses

Abstract
This paper will examine both types of cyber crime from a Canadian perspective. It will be shown how this division between government and industry mirrors the generally confused approach of Canada - and other nations as well - to the issue of cyber crime. Clearly the two key players in the fight against cyber crime are divided not only in their approaches to fighting cyber crime, but even in their perceptions of the primary types of cyber crime. Until there can be a general agreement between business and government in this area, it is unlikely that cyber crime will be greatly restricted.

Abstract
The paper discusses how computer security is a major issue increasing in importance as the use of the computer has increased. The paper explains that security vulnerabilities are identified by users and manufacturers and corrected as possible by software patches, and security is also sought through the use of firewalls and other protective software cloaks. The paper discusses how security breaches come in many forms, from the sending of computer viruses to the use of tracking programs that allow an outside agency to see everything done on a given computer. The paper relates that the problem leads in some cases to computer crime, and in other cases to even greater security breaches and the threat of cyberterrorism, a major concern in the current climate of international tensions and security threats. The paper looks at how various ways of fighting back have been developed, including legislation to give the government the tools needed to take action.

From the Paper
"Computer security is a major issue increasing in importance as the use of the computer has increased. Security vulnerabilities are identified by users and manufacturers and corrected as possible by software patches. Security is also sought through the use of firewalls and other protective software cloaks. Security breaches come in many forms, from the sending of computer viruses to the use of tracking programs that allow an outside agency to see everything done on a given computer. The problem leads in some cases to computer crime, and in other cases to even greater security breaches and the threat of cyberterrorism, a major concern in the current..."

Tags:computer, crime, terrorism

Abstract
A brief report with an outline, discussing the various kinds of crime taking place online, incuding identity theft, terrorism, spam attacks and brandjacking. Other crimes are briefly mentioned.

Tags:crime, Internet, cybercrime, terrorism, privacy rights