Abstract
In this article, the writer describes the causes and effects of cyber-terrorism. The writer identifies best practices for preventing or reducing effects of this costly crime, focusing both on public and private sector responses.

From the Paper
"Information security policies as defined by Scott Barman are high-level plans that describe the goals of the procedures. Policies are not guidelines or standards nor are they procedures. Policies describe security in general terms not specifics. However despite the fact that information security (IS) policies are defined in this rather vague and non-specific manner they are in no sense to be understood as sufficient without a high level of specificity and in the absence of a comprehensive attention to the ..."

Tags:cyber-terrorism, security, privacy, Internet

Abstract
This paper begins by defining what cyber terrorism is and a brief history since its appearance on the net. It then examines several examples of cyber terrorism and the unique harm done by each of these forms. Examples given are virus spreading, murder, propaganda and data dibbling. The writer finally examines the major players in the game of cyber terrorism and terrorist groups that are active in this crime.

From the Paper
"The FBI defines terrorism as the illegitimate use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Cyber-terrorism can be the use of computing assets to threaten or force others. An example of cyber-terrorism could be hacking into a hospital computer system and changing someone's medicine prescription to a lethal dosage as an act of vengeance. It sounds far fetched, but these things can and do occur. Cyber terrorism has also been defined as "the use of computing resources against persons or property to intimidate or compel a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives."1."

Tags:computer, internet, virus, hacker, information, trojan, horse, terrorist, privacy, hate, groups, crime, terror

Abstract
This paper examines how computers can be used as tools by terrorists and how terrorists can target computers and computer networks in acts of terrorism. The paper contends that the information technology revolution has made both public and private sector computer systems and networks more vulnerable to attacks. It also asserts that the increased dependence on computer systems also makes cyber-terrorism a more menacing threat.

Outline:
Introduction
Cyber-Terrorism
The Threat posed by Cyber-Terrorism
Devastating Potential Consequences of Cyber-Terrorism in the Wake of the Information Technology Revolution
Securing the Nation Against Cyber-Terrorism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Theofrastous (2003) the conventional threats associated with attacks to America's IT infrastructure are well-known. However, there are now more sophisticated threats that involve the attacking of the IT infrastructure using unconventional means (Theofrastous 2003). The author points out that from an e-commerce standpoint, the new IT structure involves both business to consumer and business to business contexts (Theofrastous 2003). These contexts have encouraged the establishment of standardization in several important areas including the authentication of electronic transaction and antifraud measures (Theofrastous 2003). "

Tags:internet, email, hacking, it

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the term cyber-terrorism has developed as a result of the role of modern technology in the furtherance of national and international terrorism. The writer notes that al Qaeda appears to love the Internet and that there is a growing realization of the way that computers and the Internet are being used as another tool in the terrorist's arsenal. The writer concludes that there is little doubt that with the growth of the Internet and modern digital communications systems the threat of cyber-terrorism is one that is set to increase.

From the Paper
"It is usually the case that cyber-terrorists have political aims that motivate their crimes. In the information age the information that a terrorist may need to plan an attack on, for example, a power station is contained on government or private computers somewhere. Therefore the art of hacking or illegally gaining entry to restricted data via the Internet and computers has become one of the ways that cyber-terrorists operate. A good example of this was during the Gulf War in 1991 the Pentagon computer was hacked or illegally entered and secret material about the Patriot missile was stolen."

Tags:Al, Qaeda, Internet, threats, terrorists

Abstract
This paper examines how cyber terrorism and hacking have become perpetual threats to national security and economy and how they exist in so many different forms that it is difficult to place them under one specific category. The one thing common in all such crimes is use of computer, which acts as a shield between the criminal and victim, thus protecting the former from immediate detection for possible arrest or prosecution. It looks at how the government, along with intelligence agencies and FBI, is trying to control and protect data available on the most critical networks, including those of the military, and how, although cyber terrorism presents a clear and present danger, with effective measures we can control the possibility of cyber attack, and even if one occurs, our security measures should be designed to help us recover the loss easily and without long-term negative consequences.

From the Paper
"Even before the September 11 attacks, intelligence agencies had alerted the nation of the imminent danger from a new breed of terrorist known as cyber-terrorists. President Bush warned the nation that, "American forces ale overused and under funded precisely when they are confronted by a host of new threats and challenges--the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the rise of cyber terrorism, the proliferation of missile technology." Cyber terrorism in simpler words is terrorism carried out with technologically advanced means where networks play an important role as terrorist illegal gain access to confidential information. This breed of terrorists is certainly more menacing than the ones we had hitherto been trying to root out. Cyber terrorism is dangerous because catching the criminal is a daunting task and because access to sensitive data can wreak havoc as once a person enters a database, it takes a while to detect intrusion and takes even longer to block access."

Tags:9/11, fbi, intelligence, data, military, national, security

Abstract
This paper examines cyber-terrorism and the effect it could have on the United States' critical infrastructure. Additionally, in order to determine whether there is a need for special precautions, the paper also analyzes the use of information technology by terrorists, discusses what constitutes cyber-terrorism and looks at the real threat it poses for society.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: Preliminary Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Conclusion

From the Paper
"The commission found that the combination of electricity, communications and computers are all essential components required for the continued existence of the U.S., all of which can be threatened by cyber-warfare. The resources to launch a cyber attack are commonly available; a computer and a connection to the Internet are all that is needed.These infrastructures are importance to protect. Without them, the country would be in danger. They are, therefore, prime targets for terrorists. Is the cyber-infrastructure in the United States designed with such security considerations in mind? According to Congressman Ciro Rodriguez statement, "Though the benefits of the Internet are clear, the widespread network of interconnected computer systems also poses significant risks to our national security. The same cyber technology that connects our homes, our schools and our businesses to the rest of the world, if not properly protected, may also provide terrorists with the tools they need to launch cyber attacks against our nation" (p. 37). These comments relate directly to the nature of the potential threat facing the country and its interests abroad, and these issues are discussed further below."

Tags:computer, programs, data, Internet, virtual, world, Information, Assurance

Abstract
This paper depicts the unethical stance taken by the government as it takes over the civil liberties of people in the name of national security.

Tags:privacy, cyber, terrorism

Abstract
This paper examines cyber-terrorism the use or targeting of computers and computer networks in acts of terrorism. The devastating potential consequences of cyber-terrorism in the wake of the Information Technology (IT) Revolution and our reliance on computers and computer networks are the focus of the paper.

Abstract
This paper explains that the most importance of the computers to the terrorists is less in hacking and more in recording their financial ledgers, target lists, attack plans and names of co-conspirators as in the case of Ramzi Yousef, who was the mastermind of the World Trade Center bombing. The author explains that cyber terrorism is expected in the air traffic system because the air traffic control system all over the world are well computerized; however, this fear ignores the fact that these computers do not directly control the aircraft, but act as mere aids to the human controller. The paper discusses the vulnerability of the electrical energy systems, gas and oil pipelines under the SCADAS or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and of the Defense computer systems, which have had many attacks that have not led to any degradation of the capabilities of the US military.

From the Paper
"Yet the problem is not so simple, and the US government has very little power in this regard. This was seen when the Chairman and Vice Chairman regarding critical infrastructure met the President. They had been informed by Finland that researchers had found a serious deficiency in the Internet's standard language for sending data through the switches. The concerned government team had found this to be a threat for air traffic control and military phone links, among other threats. This led to the critical infrastructure board and the homeland security office asking private organizations whether they would tell the government the names of people working in those sites. The FBI can only collect the names of bank employees, but is unable to take action in other industries."

Tags:al-qaeda, laptop, air-traffic, language, defense

Abstract
The paper explores how international terrorism is related to and often dependent on modern communications technology and the connectivity in our social, economic and personal environment. The paper looks at cyber-terrorism and shows how the spread of terrorism is an almost unavoidable result of the proliferation of electronic media and technology.

Outline:
Introduction
Extremist Groups and Technology
Divergent Groups and Communication
Varieties of Cyber-Terrorism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The growth of terrorism in our contemporary world is a fact that is without doubt one of the greatest threats to peace and civilization today. The question that may be asked is why has terrorism become such a global and international threat to the world? Terrorism as a style of protest and even warfare, characterized by the aim of instilling fear and terror in certain countries or people is not something new in history. Terrorism in some form or another is evident, even from a brief glance at human history. However, in our age, terrorism is international and is often coordinated between different countries and regions of the world."

Tags:cyber-terrorism, hackers, Internet, extremist, groups