An insight into the different aspects of cyber crime including a definition, a short history, a few famous and important cases and ideas to curtail it.
Abstract This paper discusses cyber crime, criminal activity which targets computers and information, or which uses computers as the means of committing an offense. It examines how it is a very serious and complicated matter that cannot be taken lightly and how without a true understanding, public and private corporations can easily be mislead in the perspective of its gravity. It shows how this thinking opens up weaknesses in public and private computer systems that the cyber criminal could easily take advantage of and exploit for their own gain. It defines cyber crime, breaking it down into a number of sections giving examples of certain crimes that are often committed under each section. Then it provides a brief history describing the development of new laws for the new crimes, specific cases in history concerning cyber crime and also a description of where cyber crime is today and its impact on the individual and companies who are its victims.
From the Paper "Just like the world of street crime the world of cyber crime needs policing tactics and policing units. Yet the goal of the agencies are not really to prevent, but more to investigate crimes that have already happened; the reason for this is because in cyber space there is no physical area where police can patrol to stop crime. So if policing agencies cannot prevent attacks, not including the use of undercover online operations, then who can? This question can be answered in a few ways. Private companies usually hire experts in the field of computers who can find the companies? weaknesses and where they could be attacked and tighten up their network with certain defenses like firewalls, virus scanners, and other various programs. The individual, on the other hand, has to spend money on programs which will detect intrusions and viruses that have infiltrated their personal system. Private industries that create these programs which protect systems would be similar to companies who produce self-defense equipment and classes, because that is what these programs do; they target-harden and help a victim fight back against their attacker."
Abstract This paper reviews the http://www.cybercrime.gov/ website, which serves as a repository for information on cyber crime. The paper looks at the increased recognition of cyber crime as a serious threat as well as laws that have been passed to combat cyber crime. The paper also provides an overall evaluation of the website that is very favorable.
From the Paper "Combatting the global cyber crime pandemic is becoming an increasingly urgent issue, as identity theft and spyware are occurring with alarming frequency. Early instances of cyber crime found individuals, corporations and law enforcement unprepared, uninformed and immobilized to address cyber crime responsively. This resulted in victims suffering long drawn-out battles to regain their identities. With no guidelines to assist them, many victims endured frustrating battles that yielded little benefit. Corporations likewise faced many obstacles in their uncharted course to recover from data theft and..."
Abstract The topic of cyber crimes encompasses many different crimes. This report defines cyber crime, and goes into depth regarding the specific crime of identity theft. It includes the definition of cyber crime, and specific techniques used to obtain an individual's personal information used to establish false identity, how to prevent the information from being compromised, as well as additional information should one become a victim of identity theft. This paper also includes real world examples stemming from personal experience.
Outline.
Abstract
What is Cyber Crime?
Identity Theft: what is it?
Types of identity theft
Keeping you safe from such crimes
What to do if you become a victim
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Browsing through the US Department of Justice's Website for the Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section, cyber crime is a handful of crimes where the primary method of operation or M.O. involves the use of computers or attacks on secure electronic data. The scope of these crimes includes unauthorized access to networks, computers databases, fraudulent money transfers or electronic wire transfers, piracy, espionage and gambling. The invention of the internet creates a new place for people to conduct business, and a very discrete and anonymous place for criminals. Everyday more and more people engage in commerce online, accessing bank accounts and making purchases entirely online. The internet creates a larger arena for crime, and creates more instances of opportunity for crime that requires little technical knowledge and provides a tempting cloak for a person to commit crimes. There are more and more crimes that have moved from the streets to an online environment, taking everyday crime and turning it into a cyber crime. Anything that is illegal, and is committed using computer technology in this virtual environment is cyber crime."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses various recent cyber-security breaches in the USA. The paper discusses each event, the method used to breach the cyber-security and the response. The paper focuses primarily on the case of Moonlight Maze, one of the most infamous cyber-attacks which occurred in the late 1990s.
From the Paper "The hackers were apparently working from a location in Russia, though this could not be definitively established due to the nature of the infiltration. All that is known for certain is that the hack into Department of Defense computers had been going on for more than a year and that it is entirely unclear how much information was made off with during that time. This is due in part to the fact that in addition to raiding information directly from the Pentagon, the hackers also used that point of entry to enter other sensitive systems throughout the US government. These included networks at nuclear research labs associated with the Energy Department, NASA, and numerous university research facilities (Drogin, 1999). Investigators reiterate that the attackers obtained no known classified information, but the general uncertainty surrounding Moonlight Maze makes this claim dubious at best."
Tags: infiltrations, sensitive, cyber-attack, computer, system, security, breach, hacker, russia
Abstract This paper provides a definition of cyber crime and explores different forms thereof. It asks questions such as - Who commits cyber crime and what is being done to prevent it. It examines the most common crimes committed via the Internet such as software piracy and credit card fraud but also analyzes the scarier crimes such as child pornography and security hacking.
From the Paper "Cyber crime is probably the most talked about form of crime in North America. Parents worry about pedophiles using the Internet to access their children. Businesses spend enormous amounts of money to protect their computer systems from hacker attacks. Many individuals will not use the Internet to shop because they are worried about how secure their credit card information is on the Internet. Is all of this worry, sometimes verging on hysteria justified? Or is it simply a case of fear of a new technology."
Abstract This paper discusses the problems that federal, state and local authorities face when prosecuting cyber identity theft, noting that it is not a simple procedure. The paper explains that individuals that steal the identity of others online often use multiple servers and locations to make it almost impossible to trace the person who is responsible for the identity theft. The paper also explains that when identity theft occurs in a country where traditional Internet crime is not considered a prosecutable offense the country where the nation occurred has a difficult time in locating the criminal and extraditing the identity thief for the purposes of prosecution. Finally, the paper notes that many United States prosecutors are hesitant to prosecute these crimes because they generally involve low profile cases that take extensive amounts of time to investigate and prosecute.
Abstract This paper is an argumentative discussion of sex tourism. It discusses the sources of demand that drive it and the government inactivity that permits it to thrive. The paper examines the problem of the sex tourism business targeting women and children in the poorest countries.
From the Paper "A working definition of sex tourism is tourism partially or fully for the purpose of having sex often with prostitutes. According to Jo Sargent writing for Geographical child sex tourism is a deeply uncomfortable subject. Many people are unaware of how widespread this practice is in many parts of the world and especially in the third world. However there are many people who are well aware of the problem and choose to ignore it. There are also many international travelers who are unsure of ..."
Tags:sex, child sex, sex trafficking, slavery, brothel, indifference, demand and supply, third world, hard currency, pedophile, sex tourism, sexcapades
Abstract This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.
From the Paper "The terms ?sex role,? ?sex role socialisation,? ?gender role,? and the term "role" itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms "sex" and "gender" are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because "sex" and "gender" are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals? opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorising has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms "sex roles" and "sex role socialisation" is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."
Tags: biological, critique, feminist, functionalism, gender, post, reductionism, sex, structural, structuralist, theory
Abstract In this article, the meaning of the institution of marriage is discussed. The writer looks at the place of same-sex marriage in society. In this paper, same-sex marriage is primarily discussed from a conservative religious perspective. The views and outlook of supports of the concept of same-sex marriage is also described and critiqued. Although the gay and lesbian movement consider the prohibition of same-sex marriages to be discrimination, the writer views the position of marriage as a moral and religious institution.
From the Paper "In recent years the legalization of same-sex marriages has become an increasingly controversial issue that pits the gay and lesbian movement against religious conservatives. According to the gay and lesbian movement, the prohibition of same-sex marriages constitutes social oppression and discrimination. This paper however takes the position, adopted by the religious conservative movement. Marriage is a religious and moral institution that is confined to a monogamous relationship between a man and woman. Derived from the religious scriptures ... "
Abstract In this paper, the writer notes that although there have been many changes made in the last 10 years, same-sex adoption is still a major controversy issue in today's society. The writer uses relevant literature to demonstrate statistics regarding same-sex adoption. The writer maintains that many people believe that same-sex adoption is immoral and unethical. On the other hand, many people believe that same-sex adoption is acceptable, because they believe that the welfare of the child is more important than the gender of the child. The writer concludes that as long as the child is properly cared for mentally, physically and emotionally, the gender of the child should not be an issue.
From the Paper "Although the percentage rate of same-sex adoption has approved 64 % in the last 4 years, it is still a major issue in today's society. Some people believe that same-sex adoption is wrong, simply because the union itself is non-traditional. Therefore adoption is unethical. Others believe that same-sex adoption is acceptable, because they believe that the child should be raised with two parents that love him or her, regardless of the parent's gender. As long as the child is being cared for properly, in all aspects, mentally, physically, and emotionally there should not be any dispute of the parent's gender."
Abstract This paper examines the possibilities of more than two sexes from a biological and sociological viewpoint. The paper points out the problems faced by those who do not fit into the two sex definition.
From the Paper "The definition of intersexuality sets a basis to be able to group Sterling's "five sexes" into their own subgroups. The standard medical definition of intersexuality or intersex refers to the three major subgroups with some mixture of male and female characteristics, which include: the ?herms,? ?ferms,? and ?merms.? The hermaphrodites or ?herms,? posses one testis and one ovary, the productive gonads. In some cases, with the true hermaphrodites, the testis and ovary grow separately but bilaterally. In other people, they grow together within the same organ, forming an ovo-testis. ?Usually the sperm cells or eggs function quite well, along with the production of sex hormones such as: estrogen and androgen.? (Taylor 99-101)"
Abstract This paper involves an in-depth examination of sex education teaching methodologies, a history of the issue, relevance to a changing society, and ways to ensure a successful program when applied to a school setting. The paper includes a review of literature available on the topic, focusing on the following six areas: abstinence-only education, safe sex education, age and grade level when sex education should occur, teaching methods, outside factors that influence sexual activity, and solutions for a successful curriculum
From the Paper "In the past several years, a debate has risen up in the field of education over the controversial topic of sex education in schools. Many issues branch out from this debate, such as sex education encouraging or discouraging sexual promiscuity, teachers and parents as educators, and the range of topics that should or should not be covered in a classroom setting."
Abstract This paper explores the vital components involved in the phenomenal success of HBO's comedy series "Sex and the City" which was loosely based on "New York Observer" columnist Candace Bushnell's personal life.The series' target audience was gender specific to women of varying ages as the four women in the series also varied in ages. This paper discusses the manner in which "Sex and the City" (SATC) utilized various types of humor that nearly always hit their target. The four main characters were written for easy viewer identification. Carrie Bradshaw the main character, was the most balanced of the quartet. Miranda was the workaholic lawyer, Charlotte dreamed of the classic American family while Samantha was the most outlandish with her refreshingly blatant attitudes towards men and sex. Many of the ideas for the show came from writers Julie Rottenberg and Elisa Zuritsky's own experiences living in Manhattan. This paper also discusses the inclusion of the essential fifth character in the series, the small island of Manhattan, which Rottenberg and Zuritsky drew their inspiration from for their plots and comedy. This paper also discusses the style of writing involved which accounted for the success of the series as well as the impact the comedy had on society, which was not always perceived as positive.
From the Paper "This professor's commentary was on the third season of SATC when the foursome had run into many pitfalls in their relationships, such as Carrie having cheated on Aidan with Mr. Big, who was ending his marriage, and Carrie encountered her feelings for Aidan and Mr. Big and her betrayal. The third season revealed how the characters were growing and the depth of their relationships without hurting the series' lively approach. Aside from the show's glitz and frivolity, SATC poses basic human questions that many women can relate to and the characters were highly relatable so much so that many women asked one another, "Who are you more like?" From the same side of the road, there were other groups who were offended by the show's starkness about sex."
Abstract This paper studies therapy for sex offenders. The paper examines human development issues associated with male sex offenders aged 18-40. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches for this population. The paper offers theories of sexual deviance and profiles of male sex offenders. The paper concludes that while these individual and group psycho- therapeutic approaches may be effective, they can also be counterproductive.
From the Paper "This paper examines human development issues associated with young male sex offenders aged and years as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches for this population. In the first half of the paper the developmental issues of a typical population..."
Abstract This paper supports sex education in the school system for children over the age of 12. It discusses the advantages of a school-based sex education programs to provide accurate information. The paper contends that sex education should inform the youth on a wide variety of information from the basics of reproduction, STDs, birth control, abstinence and abortion. The author explains that the program should also teaches communication and decision-making skills.
From the Paper "Sex education should be mandated in the school system for children over the age of 12. A School-based sex education provides information about human sexuality protection along with the values and attitudes about sex and ..."
