Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of the personnel cost-cutting measures employed by major airlines in the United States and their relationship to aircraft safety. The research focuses on four factors - employee layoffs, increase on employee workload, cutting employee benefits and cutting employee training. The paper presents a survey on aviation pilots at American Airlines (AA).

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Limitations
Delimitations
Definition of Terms
Acronyms
II Review of Related Literature Hypothesis
Introduction
Employee Benefits Cost Reduction and Wages Cutback
Employee Lay Offs
Increase in Employee Workload
Employee Training
Commercial Aircraft Safety
III Research Methodology
Introduction
Research Design
Research Model
Survey Population
Sources of Data
The Data Gathering Instrument
Pilot Study
Instrument Pretest
Distribution Method
Instrument Reliability
Instrument Validity
IV Results
Introduction
Demographics
Pilot's Awareness of Company Decision and Policies
Pilot's Awareness about AA's Cost Cutting Measures
Pilot's Perspective on the Effects of Cost Cutting
Measures of AA to Commercial Aircraft Safety
V Discussion
Introduction
Pilot's Awareness of company Decision and Policies
Pilot's Awareness about AA's Cost Cutting Measures
Pilot's Perspective on the Effects of Cost Cutting
Measures of AA to Commercial Aircraft Safety
Summary
VI Conclusion
VII Recommendations
Appendices

From the Paper
"Since, 1998 the Government Accountability Office (2004) (GAO) of the United States had reported that majority of the leading airline industries have a difficulty of acquiring revenue and profit increase because of the growth of Low Cost Airlines (LCA) The proliferation of Low Cost Airlines has caused a strict competition in terms of domestic market share due to the relatively low prices that were offered and the relatively low cost cutting measures of LCA. Hence, it is reported by GAO (2004) that the operation costs of LCA have even increased to $1 Billion or 10% of its total operation costs. In effect of this, the research inferred that such an effect had a significant impact in terms of how passengers in general compare and view LCA to Big Airlines."

Tags:Boeing, budget, pilot

Abstract
The paper analyzes Chris Murphy's article "What's Next" that focuses on current IT outsourcing practice and Lee and Margaret Covell's article "A Strategic Approach to Overhead Management" that discusses operations cost-cutting. The paper then looks at Joseph Bozada's article "Generating Shareholder Value: Much More Than Cost Cutting" that suggests that worker layoffs might be counter-productive and finally, the paper examines the editorial in the Measuring Business Excellence magazine that explains how improved cost-efficiency can also be achieved through an innovative use of accounting and financial processes. The paper notes that all four authors agree that companies need to look beyond such traditional cost-cutting methods as layoffs, outsourcing and downsizing.

Outline:
Introduction
Analysis: New Perspectives on Outsourcing and Operations Cost Cutting
Analysis: Novel Approaches to Cost Cutting
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In today's challenging business environment, companies are considering cost-cutting strategies more often than just a couple of years ago. There are three well-established methods of cost cutting: downsizing, outsourcing and cutting the costs of operations (Crampton & Hodge, 2007, p.341). Managers usually turn to one or a combination of these strategies during difficult economic times and/or situations of company underperformance. However, according to many analysts, such behavior might be counterproductive and even dangerous (Bozada, 2004, p.17). While hasty layoffs and downsized operations might improve the immediate financial situation, in the longer term they might create a strategic disadvantage and even cut into future revenue gains. According to Bozada, this happens because "This approach primarily focuses on cost cutting and will, by definition, only produce limited results" (p.17). What is needed therefore is a strategic and innovative approach to the concept of cost cutting."

Tags:layoffs, downsizing, accounting, outsourcing, operations

Abstract
This paper discusses the highly controversial issue of female genital cutting (also referred to in the literature as female genital mutilation and clitoridectomy) as practiced traditionally in various parts of Africa and the Middle East. It presents both sides of the issue, outlining arguments for and against the practice with special reference to female sexuality and the role of women in the family and society. Drawing upon research done in the West among immigrants who have undergone the procedure, the paper makes the argument that the practice must be understood and evaluated within the context of the social norms and values in which it evolved.

From the Paper
"One of the most unusual forms of "sexual violence" from a Western perspective is the practice of female genital cutting (FGC), also referred to by various other terms, such as "female circumcision," "female genital mutilation," and "clitoridectomy." It takes several forms, but is defined broadly by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, and other non-therapeutic reasons" (cited in Esho, Enzlin, Van Wolputte, & Temmerman, 2010, p. 222). It is prevalent in several parts of the world, but most notably in Africa and the Middle East, and procedures and practices vary widely from place to place (Fourcroy, 2006; Leonard, 2000). The procedure is performed on girls between the ages of 4 and 10, but there are areas where it may occur soon after birth or just before marriage, and even as late as after a woman's first pregnancy and delivery (Leonard, 2000). While the practice was confined largely to the African continent for centuries, within the past 25 years or so, it has become an issue of international concern, as immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers from countries where it is prevalent have flooded into the West and brought with them not only the cultural mores and attitudes that are associated FGC, but also the social, public health, and other problems that it inevitably raises for Western societies (Fourcroy, 2006; Leonard, 2000; Toubia, 1994). This paper will examine the practice of female genital cutting in terms of its relation to female sexuality, family structures, and society at large. Of course, these three areas are not mutually exclusive and invariably have an impact on one another. Thus, certain aspects of the discussion will involve some overlapping of these categories."

Tags:mutilation clitoridectomy infibulation, female circumcision, sexual responsiveness, Female Sexual Function Index

Abstract
Written in the style of a scientific review article for a journal, this paper compares the sanitation of wood versus plastic cutting boards. One of the main points emphasized is the ability of each material to prevent disease and bacteria.

From the Paper
"Every home, restaurant, and commercial food processing area needs a cutting and chopping surface. The materials these surfaces are made of have been under scrutiny as possible sources of foodborne illness. Most cutting board safety issues relate to cross-contamination, which results from processing ready-to-eat, non-cooked items (such as a salad) on a board previously used to cut animal products (1,6). The residue from the animal product inoculates the non-cooked food with pathogenic microflora. This residue, called biofilm, can be made of any number of food products, but the most common sources of pathogenic bacteria result from a biofilm deposit of chicken or beef extract ("juice")."

Tags:food, foodborne, health, illness, microbiology, preparation, public, sanitation, science

Abstract
Norms help to define a society by setting boundaries and enhancing group identity and coherence. The author of this paper sets out to discover how differing segments of the population react when a commonly excepted norm is ignored - standing in line. The author states that by cutting in line, the individual is proclaiming that he or she is not bound by convention; that he or she is more important than all those other individuals who must wait their turn. The author describes how, in the course of his researc,h he choose three different social situations involving queues and how, in each situation, he blatantly cut in line. The writer then describes the reaction of others to his actions before drawing his final conclusions.

From the Paper
"This attempt was not very successful. The researcher cut in front of a female student in her late teens. She was appeared to be alone, and was carrying a laptop. She was looking down at the floor and did not seem like she was paying attention to anyone. She said nothing as the researcher stepped in front of her, though he though he saw her grimace slightly and then return to looking at the floor. Nevertheless, a group of seven or eight students behind her quickly noticed the researcher's presence. One of them turned loudly to his friends and cried, "Did you just see that? This guy cut in front." The researcher pretended not to notice and tried to continue looking blankly ahead. Almost immediately, he felt a strong tap on his shoulder. A tall man in a denim jacket was sticking his reddened face in his. Two of his friends moved forward to back him up. One "What the (expletive) do you think you're doing?" A girl who had remained in the original group of seven or eight giggled before directing her other friends attentions to what was going on. "Look at this," she smiled. The man with the red face shoved the researcher in the back. The three men stepped closer to the researcher.... And the researcher left the line without saying a word."

Tags:movie, church, line, school, cafetaria, anger, society, identity, convention, reaction, american, african, researcher, violations, social

Abstract
Discusses the ants' ability to quickly strip entire orchards of leaves, fungal gardens of ants, and the usefulness of leaf-cutting ants. Proposes an experiment to examine fungal parasites.

From the Paper
"Leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) are capable of devouring enormous amounts of vegetation - about 20 percent of the fresh-leaf biomass in the Neotropics. This makes agriculture of non-native plants which have not evolved a form of ..."

Abstract
This is segment 1 of 9 similar assignments. The paper discusses how Norway announced that by 2030 it would become carbon neutral, but critics claim that this is simply unrealistic. The paper then relates that Norway's carbon footprint is measured by totalling sales of carbon from emissions, and the numbers are offset by the rules which allow Norway to do work in other countries to limit emissions. The paper therefore shows how this hides the real amount of Norway's pollution.

Tags:carbon, emissions, greenhouse

Abstract
In this paper, the writer looks at genetic testing from different angles, including people's stories and personal interviews with doctors. The focus of the paper is how effective genetic testing is on cancer, especially ovarian and breast cancer.

From the Paper
"Research has defined family history as playing a major risk factor in the development of this deadly disease. They have identified two specific genes, the BRCA -1 and BRCA-2, that are believed to be responsible for ovarian cancer and can be identified through genetic testing. This gene's are specific genes coded for Breast Cancer, but have recently shown proof of also being the coded gene's for ovarian cancer. Because of these findings doctors are pressuring people to have genetic testing done, especially if you are a first degree relative of a daughter, sister or mother who has previously been diagnosed with ovarian cancer."

Tags:breast, detection, diseases, early, genetics, heritable, ovarian

Abstract
This paper examines the changes that have occurred within aviation management following the attacks of September 11th, 2001. While there is a strong focus on the subject of security in respect to management, this paper also examines the business aspects of airline management.

Abstract
This paper analyzes a 2003 article regarding the Bush tax cuts and argues that the cuts are in accordance with the principles of John Maynard Keynes. The paper discusses the theory that tax cuts can result in federal deficits that can lead to increased interest rates.

From the Paper
"Monetary and fiscal policy are the two primary mechanisms used to stimulate and slow the economy. Monetary policy uses the availability of money-interest rates for example-to control how much money is available for investment and spending in the market. Fiscal policy on the other hand uses taxation and government spending to accelerate or decelerate the economy. While there can be many different goals for controlling capitalist economies, the overriding goal is to keep a balance between inflation-rising prices-and deflation. Inflation is sometimes described ..."

Tags:tax cuts, keynes, john maynard keynes, bush