Abstract This paper offers an explanation of the Anthrax disease. The paper begins by defining Anthrax as an acute disease that is caused by a bacteria known as bacillus anthracis. The paper then explains the various methods of contracting Anthrax which include cutaneous through the skin, inhalation and gastrointestinal through food or digesting the bacteria. The paper includes a number of references to reports on the issue by the center for disease control and the FBI. The paper makes reference to the recent Anthrax scares in the U.S., where a white powdery substance was sent via postal mail across the country.
From the Paper "The cutaneous form of anthrax occurs as an infection of the skin. This type of anthrax is caused by touching animals or animal products with an anthrax infection. The cutaneous form of anthrax is the least serious form of anthrax. The inhaled version of anthrax occurs when a person inhales anthrax spores that are present in infected animal products or in soil that has been exposed to infected animals. The inhaled version of anthrax is the most serious form of the disease. The gastrointestinal version of anthrax occurs by eating undercooked meat from animals with anthrax. This is the rarest form of anthrax that people can contract."
Abstract The paper shows that extracranial brain tissue that is not directly connected to the brain itself may be an isolated cutaneious embryonic defect. It discusses how these are usually located on the occipital or parietal areas of the scalp and are often called heteropic brain tissue or cutaneous ectopic brain (CEB). Most of the time these are simple defective tissue that can easily be removed from the scalp. However, there are several different types of ectopic brain tissues and some of these can be signs of underlying central nervous system problems. The paper discusses several cases where the importance of getting a thorough evaluation of the tissue is shown.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Cutaneous Ectopic or Heterotopic Brain Tissue
Summary of Four Patients with Scalp Nodules Surrounded by Hair Collars In the Study by Drolet and Clowry
History of CEB
The Hair Collar Sign: Marker for Cranial Dysraphism
Why the "Hair Collar"
Ectopic Brain as Orbital and Conjunctival Mass
Heterotopic Brain and Meningeal Tissue
Information about Heterotopic and Ectopic Brain Tissue
From the Paper "Perhaps the question can be asked why the researchers termed the phrase, "hair collar". Why is there a hypertropic ring of long hair that surrounds these lesions? If these were examined, the hair follicles would be found to increase in number and many of these will be quite large. In fact, the angle that each hair follicle exits the skin does not fall randomly, but are located at precise directions that the hair follicles take.
? The hair pattern is thought to be dictated by differential shearing forces and the point of maximal tension, the vertex, is where the parietal scalp whorl is commonly found. Perhaps at some point early in development, encephaloceles and meningoceles produce aberrant shearing forces during the formation of the follicles forcing them to point outward, away from the defect? (Drolet and Lawrence 309).
Abstract This paper describes the dangers of Anthrax as a weapon in chemical / biological warfare. The paper outlines different types of Anthrax and discusses the long term effects it could have in a war of bioterroism. The writer explains the different ways Anthrax enters and affects the body. The writer provides a brief history on bioterrorism and concludes the paper with assurances that bills have been passed allowing the U.S. government to spend billions on anti-bioterrorism.
From the Paper "Bioterrorism is known to have been in effect as early as 6th century B. C. when the Assyrians attempted to poison the wells of their enemies using a substance known as "rye ergot" (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002). Throughout the years bioterrorism has been a constant threat, as armies have been known to hurl the bodies of diseased soldiers into enemy camps. Feces and even infected fleas have been used to spread plague and malaria into enemy quarters. As early as 1763 Native Americans were given blankets and cloths that had been infected with smallpox (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002)."
Tags: biological, cutaneous, deadly, gastrointestinal, inhalational, terrorists, widespread, warfare, terror
Abstract This paper describes the physiological process that takes place when an athlete experiences serious heat-related illness, such as heatstroke, dehydration, etc. The paper also describes the emergency measures that must be taken to treat any of these conditions.
From the Paper "Although people exercise more than ever, many do not realize the toll such strenuous behavior can have on their bodies. This holds especially for joggers who enter races on weekends and are not used to pushing themselves to such an extreme. Runners and individuals involved with similar sports can become ill from several related diseases including exercise associated collapse, heat exhaustion, heat stroke and hyponatremia."
A research paper exploring cutaneous injections of phosphatidylcholine solubilized with deoxycholate as a treatment for the reduction of unwanted subcutaneous fat deposits.
Abstract The paper discusses how, although a majority of research studies promote the use of phosphatidylcholine solubilized with deoxycholate for the reduction of subcutaneous fat, there are others that question its use due to the inability to determine the active ingredient. The paper provides a literature review and concludes that there is a serious lack of clinical evidence to support the efficacy or safety of the treatment. The paper is of the opinion that use of this compound could have dire consequences for patients and doctors alike.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Methods
Research Synthesis
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
From the Paper "The search for a shapely body has led medical science to search for treatments that will provide the fastest results, with the least effort. Mesotherapy was developed in Europe and has become a popular method for containing unwanted fat deposits in the body. The treatment is beginning to spark interest in the United States as well. Mesotherapy to remove fat is cost effective as compared to liposuction and does not require the healing time. Mesotherapy costs between $1,000 to $6,000, as compared to liposuction that costs between $3,00 -$12,000 (Strauss, no date)."
Abstract This paper explains that, although the skin as an organ can experience a very wide range of disorders, it is not generally known that stress also affects the skin's ability to remain healthy. The author describes anatomy of the skin as a human organ. The paper relates that some of the ways in which stress affects the skin includes the redirection of blood by adrenaline, which causes the skin to become pale and lackluster, the prevention of blood flow, which cuts down on oxygen and vital skin nutrients and an increase in cortisone secretion, which suppresses the body's natural immunity. The paper relates that, although many dermatologists are still debating whether stress actually causes skin disorders, they do agree that stress definitely triggers or aggravates skin conditions like acne, hives, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea and herpes simplex.
From the Paper 'Somatic factors include the use of certain legal and illegal drugs, obesity, malnutrition, metabolic disturbances, circulatory disturbances, immunologic deficits or abrupt changes in the turgor (i.e., the resiliency) of the skin. Some of the defining characteristics of impaired skin integrity include "a disruption of the surface of the skin," such as with cuts and scrapes, "the destruction of cell layers and the invasion of structures of the body through the skin, such as with stabbing and cutting."
Tags: organ cutaneous, herpes simplex, temperatures resiliency
