Abstract This paper analyzes a 2003 article regarding the Bush tax cuts and argues that the cuts are in accordance with the principles of John Maynard Keynes. The paper discusses the theory that tax cuts can result in federal deficits that can lead to increased interest rates.
From the Paper "Monetary and fiscal policy are the two primary mechanisms used to stimulate and slow the economy. Monetary policy uses the availability of money-interest rates for example-to control how much money is available for investment and spending in the market. Fiscal policy on the other hand uses taxation and government spending to accelerate or decelerate the economy. While there can be many different goals for controlling capitalist economies, the overriding goal is to keep a balance between inflation-rising prices-and deflation. Inflation is sometimes described ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the effects of the personnel cost-cutting measures employed by major airlines in the United States and their relationship to aircraft safety. The research focuses on four factors - employee layoffs, increase on employee workload, cutting employee benefits and cutting employee training. The paper presents a survey on aviation pilots at American Airlines (AA).
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Limitations
Delimitations
Definition of Terms
Acronyms
II Review of Related Literature Hypothesis
Introduction
Employee Benefits Cost Reduction and Wages Cutback
Employee Lay Offs
Increase in Employee Workload
Employee Training
Commercial Aircraft Safety
III Research Methodology
Introduction
Research Design
Research Model
Survey Population
Sources of Data
The Data Gathering Instrument
Pilot Study
Instrument Pretest
Distribution Method
Instrument Reliability
Instrument Validity
IV Results
Introduction
Demographics
Pilot's Awareness of Company Decision and Policies
Pilot's Awareness about AA's Cost Cutting Measures
Pilot's Perspective on the Effects of Cost Cutting Measures of AA to Commercial Aircraft Safety
V Discussion
Introduction
Pilot's Awareness of company Decision and Policies
Pilot's Awareness about AA's Cost Cutting Measures
Pilot's Perspective on the Effects of Cost Cutting Measures of AA to Commercial Aircraft Safety
Summary
VI Conclusion
VII Recommendations
Appendices
From the Paper "Since, 1998 the Government Accountability Office (2004) (GAO) of the United States had reported that majority of the leading airline industries have a difficulty of acquiring revenue and profit increase because of the growth of Low Cost Airlines (LCA) The proliferation of Low Cost Airlines has caused a strict competition in terms of domestic market share due to the relatively low prices that were offered and the relatively low cost cutting measures of LCA. Hence, it is reported by GAO (2004) that the operation costs of LCA have even increased to $1 Billion or 10% of its total operation costs. In effect of this, the research inferred that such an effect had a significant impact in terms of how passengers in general compare and view LCA to Big Airlines."
Abstract The paper analyzes Chris Murphy's article "What's Next" that focuses on current IT outsourcing practice and Lee and Margaret Covell's article "A Strategic Approach to Overhead Management" that discusses operations cost-cutting. The paper then looks at Joseph Bozada's article "Generating Shareholder Value: Much More Than Cost Cutting" that suggests that worker layoffs might be counter-productive and finally, the paper examines the editorial in the Measuring Business Excellence magazine that explains how improved cost-efficiency can also be achieved through an innovative use of accounting and financial processes. The paper notes that all four authors agree that companies need to look beyond such traditional cost-cutting methods as layoffs, outsourcing and downsizing.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis: New Perspectives on Outsourcing and Operations Cost Cutting Analysis: Novel Approaches to Cost Cutting Conclusion
From the Paper "In today's challenging business environment, companies are considering cost-cutting strategies more often than just a couple of years ago. There are three well-established methods of cost cutting: downsizing, outsourcing and cutting the costs of operations (Crampton & Hodge, 2007, p.341). Managers usually turn to one or a combination of these strategies during difficult economic times and/or situations of company underperformance. However, according to many analysts, such behavior might be counterproductive and even dangerous (Bozada, 2004, p.17). While hasty layoffs and downsized operations might improve the immediate financial situation, in the longer term they might create a strategic disadvantage and even cut into future revenue gains. According to Bozada, this happens because "This approach primarily focuses on cost cutting and will, by definition, only produce limited results" (p.17). What is needed therefore is a strategic and innovative approach to the concept of cost cutting."
Abstract This paper introduces and analyzes the topic of the Bush tax cuts. Specifically, it examines the potential effect of the Bush tax cuts on the economy over the next three years. It looks at how the cuts are a controversial measure to boost the nation's economy during a time of economic stagnation and crisis and how, although they began in 2001 and have continued with revisions through 2003, much of their economic effect on the nation's monetary situation will continue for the next three years and beyond.
From the Paper "While not all of the state and local governments' woes can be blamed on the Bush Tax Cuts, the tax cuts did add to the financial difficulties of the states. They have affected state and local taxpayers with higher taxes on a variety of services, from education to health care and corrections. These higher taxes are often move than any tax cuts received from the Federal Government, and so, the Federal Tax Cuts are negated by the higher state and local taxes. In addition, most states will not see light at the end of the tunnel anytime soon. In fact, states are grappling with many issues in the tax cuts, including the loss of estate tax revenues that will affect states for the next three years, and far beyond."
Abstract This paper examines the 2000 post-election income tax cut by President George W. Bush. It illustrates that the top one percent of the American economy are the main benefactors of the tax cut, and the general irresponsibility of this political action in this period of downsizing and terrorism. The author envisions a growing defict, as often seen in other war thirsty Republican presidencies.
From the Paper "When President George W. Bush precariously entered office in 2000, he did so with a showy economic package that proposed to reduce income tax by 1.6 trillion dollars. While many economists and analysts asserted that such a promise was fiscally irresponsible, the Bush campaign, and shortly thereafter, the Bush administration insisted aggressively that the national surplus, a relic of happier economic times, would provide a cushion for a tax cut. In 2001, Congress rolled over and welcomed a 1.35 trillion dollar tax cut."
Abstract This eleven-page senior paper explores the leadership qualities of the fortieth US President Ronald Reagan that allowed his drastic tax cuts to succeed. Moreover, the paper explores the immediate and belated economic effects of his tax cuts.
Abstract This paper presents a discussion about the budget cuts in South Carolina. The author takes the reader on a discussion about how those budget cuts will affect the state and the legislative body. School problems and what the colleges are doing to counteract it is also discussed.
Abstract This paper stresses that, even when speaking of the natural processes, it has been difficult to determine whether alterations to bone were by burning and heating, which would indicate cannibalism for nutrition, or by natural processes. The author points out that whether homo sapiens practiced cannibalism, the American Association for the Advancement of Science has come in on the side of the cannibalism debate, at least as far as our ancestor Neanderthals go. The paper indicates that the research on cut marks on bone is divided into prehistoric sites, early historic sites, and sites where there is a generally reliable linguistic record.
Table of Contents
The Beginning of the Debate
The Debate Filters Out of Academia
International Debate
Pro-cannibalism Evidence
The Oldest Part of the Debate Continues Under Investigation
Violence and Death, Without Cannibalism
Modern Cannibalism
Modern Deaths and Cut Marks
From the Paper "While the controversy about cannibalism vis a vis cut marks originated in Asian sites, it has become a hot topic vis a vis U.S. sites in the southwest as well, and not only concerning the Anasazi. Billman, Lambert and Leonard grappled with it in excavating 5MT10010, a small early Pueblo III habitation site in southwestern Colorado. They examined battered, broken bones from seven individuals in two adjacent pithouses there, including mixed and incomplete remains of four adults and an adolescent, and the remains of two subadults."
Abstract This paper discusses the political dilemma the Democrats are in due to President Bush's tax cuts. It explains that if Democrats are against the tax cuts, it looks bad. If they are for them, they risk, not only the huge deficits, but also a lack of money to fund any of the programs Democrats have historically favored, such as expanding services to the elderly.
From the Paper "The bad news is not over yet"and it lies in facts Altman didn"t even dump into his frightening, but all too likely, scenario. People are living longer every year, and medical breakthroughs are hardly likely to stop. Olian provides the chilling information that ?life expectancy continues it upward trend from 68 years in 1950, to almost 77 in 2000.? So in addition to paying for the elderly, more substantially than any generation has in the past, the next two generations"current college students and their parents"are likely to pay for the elderly longer than ever before."
Abstract In a "Washington Post" article entitled "House Passes Major Tax Cut for Businesses", author Jonathan Weisman discusses the public policy issue of corporate tax cuts. The public policy described is at a development stage and reflects what is largely a federal issue. The policy is criticized for potentially having a direct conflict with public health policies on smoking. This paper explains that stakeholders are diverse and include American businesses, special interest groups, and residents of several states with no current income tax. Government departments directly involved in the policy are the House of Representatives and the Senate. The paper shows that ,overall, critics argue that the policy results in financial costs and support of special interest agendas, although the policy supports good government by addressing the policy issue of European Union export subsidy sanctions.
From the Paper "Overall, the policy has drawn criticism that it reflects poor public policy. Notes Weisman, "the main criticism focused on the special-interest provisions secured by business lobbyists." Further, criticism has also focused on potentially increased costs of the bill beyond the $153 billion cut in business taxes over 10 years. Critics argue that extension of other tax breaks and the phasing in of other tax breaks will make the final toll much higher. Potentially, critics argue that the total cost of the House bill could be $260 billion."
Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the characters, plot, themes, and style of writing in select stories from Raymond Carver's "Short Cuts". The paper also describes director Robert Altman's adaptation of the stories in his film version, "Short Cuts," and explains Altman's interpretation of Carver's message is brought to its logical conclusion.
From the Paper "The stories from the Raymond Carver collection Short Cuts frequently deal with the most elemental problems in human relationships. He chooses to examine people at their most personal and intimate moments. Oftentimes his stories expose the mental and emotional rifts that occur between people that should be able to communicate freely and openly, usually married couples. Many characters in Carver's work live in a state of isolation, despite the fact that they are physically in the presence of family and friends. They live their lives in mental and emotional seclusion; unable to articulate their thoughts and feelings to the people they are supposed to be closest to. His work reflects the isolation and longing for understanding that people everywhere feel intermittently throughout their lives."
Abstract This paper examines the potential impact of the proposed Bush tax cut by reviewing how it would affect demand for products and whether it would stimulate job creation -- both factors that could lead to long-term economic growth. After a brief explanation of supply and demand theory, the paper critiques the White House's claim that the tax cut would give a family of four an additional $1600 annually. The paper concludes that any individual gain would likely be offset by the national loss: wide-scale slashing of federal budgets for social services, including for children and the elderly.
From the Paper "It is no secret that America's economy is in a bad way. People are losing their jobs, home foreclosures are up, and most economic indicators are heading south and have been heading south for the past several years. In order to remedy this problem, President Bush has proposed massive tax cuts in every year of his presidency. Although none of his tax cuts have made it through congress full strength, there have been tax cuts every year of Bush's presidency. Bush's original tax cut called for a 726 billion dollar tax cut over the next ten year. Due to political circumstances, Bush has said that he will accept a tax cut of 550 billion dollars over the next ten years. Bush argues that the bad economy needs tax cuts, that lower taxes will help the economy grow again."
Abstract This paper examines the article "Grim Budget Brings Deep Cuts" where the author, Lloyd Dunkelberger, decries the slashing of public positions in the criminal justice system in Florida. The paper explains that these budgetary cuts are instead of higher taxation, which the paper contends, caters more directly to political motives than real economic rationality. The paper suggests that a more sensible recommendation would be to actually raise the state's budget through a progressive tax which targets the incomes of Florida's wealthiest corporations and citizens as a means of returning revenue to the state and ultimately, stimulating the economy.
From the Paper "The American economy has chugged into an official state of regression which can be seen with little possible doubt in the sharp decline of individual state revenues. An example of distressing clarity comes to us from an article produced in April of 2008 in which Lloyd Dunkelberger reported on the massive budget cuts which had been written into Florida's budget for the upcoming year. Published in the Gainesville Sun, the article's central purpose is to report that the state's 2008-2009 budget, totaling at $66 billion, is a significant and problematic reduction of the state's overall annual resource allotment and that this will mean losses in important areas of public interest. Along with education, environmental protection and other key public areas of service, the state's criminal justice system will undergo widespread cuts in resource availability that will result in the elimination of jobs and the undermining of the state's criminal justice demands."
Abstract Written in the style of a scientific review article for a journal, this paper compares the sanitation of wood versus plastic cutting boards. One of the main points emphasized is the ability of each material to prevent disease and bacteria.
From the Paper "Every home, restaurant, and commercial food processing area needs a cutting and chopping surface. The materials these surfaces are made of have been under scrutiny as possible sources of foodborne illness. Most cutting board safety issues relate to cross-contamination, which results from processing ready-to-eat, non-cooked items (such as a salad) on a board previously used to cut animal products (1,6). The residue from the animal product inoculates the non-cooked food with pathogenic microflora. This residue, called biofilm, can be made of any number of food products, but the most common sources of pathogenic bacteria result from a biofilm deposit of chicken or beef extract ("juice")."
Abstract This paper discusses how the Reagan Administration managed to pass tax cuts in order to cover some of the country's deficit during the 1980's. It looks at the origins of "stagflation" and what Reagan's agenda was. The paper examines the statistics of reduction in government spending and how this was governed by the Administration's policies.
From the Paper "In the 1970s the economy hit the followers of complacency economics with a severe blow. The 70s began in the middle of a recession and the Vietnam war, and it inherited all of the problems created in the proceeding decade as well as a quasi-war economy. (Sahu, Ronald 1991) Just as the war ended OPEC's Arab member states declared a kind of economic war on the already inflation plagued U.S. economy by withholding their oil exports. This, coupled with other supply side problems in the U.S. economy ended up creating stagflation, the coupling of economic growth being stagnant while U.S. prices continued to rise. Stagflation made a trade-off between price stability and unemployment seem obsolete. The 1970s ended with the threat of another recession, this was forecasted in 1978 and 1979 but did not actually arrive until 1980, the year Ronald Reagan was elected President."
