Abstract
This paper is about the customary business, management and negotiation practices in Jamaica. It discusses the fundamental shift from a socialized to a market driven economy. The paper looks at the dependency of the Jamaican economy on services and the long term problems of the economy.

From the Paper
"The reforms embraced measures that have been implemented in many other developing countries in the past two decades including removal of price controls, privatization of state assets and enterprises, liberalization of financial markets and international trade and reform of public administration..."

Tags:business, management, negotiation practices, Jamaica

Abstract
The paper states that at the core of economics is the study of human behavior in producing, distributing and consuming material goods and services in a world of scarce resources. The author feels that the United States must face the current economic situation with an eye to the scarcity of resources it possesses and the fact that no decision occurs without a component cost. The author underscores the fact that current common economic indicators, which do not perfectly obey the textbook definition of stasis, boom or recession, only exacerbates the sense of indecision around how to manage this current situation.

From the Paper
"The United States is currently in the grips of an economic situation that defies customary, conventional suppositions of recession and boom. The stock market is on shaky ground, having weathered one of the most crushing crashes over the past two years in recent memory, as well as a constant state of economic uncertainty in its technological sector. The market swings up for several weeks then back down again. Consumer confidence is down, even though the unemployment rate is above recession levels. Retirement funds are in jeopardy, yet the economy itself does not seem to be contracting. The United States government is facing a budgetary crisis, yet it also must budget for war. It wishes to lower income taxes to stimulate the economy, yet not face an overwhelming deficit."

Tags:indicators, deficit, unemployment

Abstract
This paper explains that, before the Europeans arrived in New Zealand, the Maoris had their own rules and laws; however, once the Europeans came a legal system, based on the English legal system, was put in order to ensure that the country ran properly. Next, the author presents an overview of the establishment and evolution of the New Zealand legal system as of today. The paper concludes that the New Zealand legal system is moving away from the traditional English system of law to its own unique, system that abolishes the Privy Council and replaces it with a Supreme Court. This paper is attractively formatted with many colored pictures and maps.

Table of Contents:
Contents Page
Pre European Maori Law and Dispute Resolution
Introduction
Mana
Tikanga
Rangatira
Tapu
Hara, Noa and Rahui
Take Tupuna and Take Whenua Tuku
Take Tupuna
Take Whenua Tuku
Utu and Muru
The Effect of English Heritage on the New Zealand Legal System
Introduction
Customary Law
Example
Common Law
Example
Equity Law
Example
The Magna Carta (1215)
Bill of Rights (1689)
The Social Contract & Parliamentary Government
An Overview of the Establishment and Development, to Date, of the New Zealand Legal System
Introduction
The Treaty of Waitangi
Problem One: Sovereignty
Problem Two: Chieftainship
Problem Three: Buying & Selling Land
The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
The Constitutional Act 1986
Part One: The Sovereign
Part Two: The Executive
Part Three: The Legislative
Part Four: The Judiciary
The Crimes Act 1961
Part One: Jurisdiction
Part Two: Punishment
Part Three: Matters of Justification or Excuse
Consumers Guarantees Act 1993
Perspectives on the Current Future Development of the New Zealand Legal System
Introduction
The Importance of the Treaty of Waitangi - Its Influence on New Zealand's Legal System
Moving Away From the English Basis of Law

From the Paper
"From the first European settlers, to the Treaty of Waitangi, to present day; New Zealand has had a legal system which has been ever changing for many years now. However, now it is time to look to the future, and see what is in store for New Zealand, where its legal system is heading, and how documents like the Treaty of Waitangi will have relevance for us in years to come.
"The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand's most important document, and this will probably never change. Today, it can be described as a living document, whose basic principles can be applied to any age. In the beginning, the Treaty's main focus was to allow the people of New Zealand, both Maori and Pakeha, to live peacefully with each other. However, due to simple translation problems, arguments occurred, and both parties lost sight of what it was that they originally set out to achieve. Because of this, the last hundred years have been rife with controversy over settlements for Maori, as they have wanted compensation form the Crown for the promises they do not believe were met.
"The establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975, is perhaps the first step in resolving disputes between the Crown and Maori, and this has had a direct influence to New Zealand's legal system, as decisions made by the Tribunal have often gone on to effect legislation being changed in Parliament."

Tags:chieftains, right of land, customary law, rousseau treaty

Abstract
This paper examines how there are four types of legal systems in existence in the modern world: civil law, common law, customary law, and religious law. It look at how all four types of legal systems have lengthy histories and share some common elements and how one can see the overlapping influence of different legal systems in each different type.

Outline:
Legal Systems
Transnational Crimes

From the Paper
"Those countries associated with the common law are based on precedent and find their roots in English law. Common law systems give their judges the power to establish law and lower courts are required to follow those decisions. Therefore, the source of the law is custom and even in areas where there are no statutes there may be guiding laws. Legislatures continue to have the power and ability to make laws, but courts have the power to make law, not simply interpret it. More importantly, though the laws in common law countries have often been written and codified, it is the fact that judicial decisions initially formed those laws that separate common law countries from civil law countries. "

Tags:civil, common, customary, religious

Abstract
This paper examines how act utilitarianism is a direct moral theory and how the morally right action is the one that maximises happiness. In comparison, it looks at how rule utilitarianism, while concerned with actions, is a more indirect theory in which the morally right action is not the one that necessarily maximises happiness in every situation. It considers whether John Mill is an act or rule utilitarian, using Mill's idea of customary morality and evaluates which version of utilitarianism is more plausible.

From the Paper
"Rule utilitarianism is not then very plausible as a form of utilitarianism, but it does at least offer answers to some of the problems with act utilitarianism. If one is to maximise happiness then in theory one has to calculate the welfare values associated with every potential action. This is obviously not realistic as one would have to spend a good deal of one's live calculating such values, which itself would surely not lead to happiness being maximised as these calculations themselves can not be described as particularly pleasurable. Indeed would someone really stand on the shore contemplating the consequences of saving a drowning man for more than a split second before acting?"

Tags:morality, worship, happiness

Abstract
This paper presents a balanced representation of the position of women in medieval society. The paper analyzes the three classes of women, as throughout history, class has been the determinant factor contributing to social place, responsibility, and opportunity. Women of the nobility, middle-class, and peasant status are discussed with regard to their position in society. The status of women in these three classes is explored in accordance with legal, as well as customary, tradition in an attempt to reduce generalizations and falsehoods.

From the Paper
"Within our society there is a fascination with the special position of women in nearly every period of history. Perhaps this fascination with the past is rooted in our constant hope to prove social progress. "Social history aids in understanding women's condition in any age; it is particularly essential for comprehending women in the Middle Ages, an era remote enough from our own so that common social presumptions do not pertain." The danger then becomes a tendency to generalize a condition that is somehow much worse than our present social position. The necessity of the historian is to offer a responsible representation of history. Women throughout history have been dominated by the customs of their status and also the legality of there state. Yet, it remains to be proven, without contention that the real lives of women were better of worse, at any given period in history, unless the template for such judgment is based upon modern idealistic ideas of social reform and civil liberties."

Tags:social, status, feminism

Abstract
This paper examines how psychologists in public and private schools in America have an ethical responsibility to determine how computers can assist practice in order to increase efficiency and competence. It debates whether psychologists ought not to restore customary practice with technological progressions, but instead, utilize them to enhance practice. It also looks at how it is essential for psychologists using computers to facilitate consultation processes to be sensitive to the possibility of violations of professional ethical standards and also discusses issues of confidentiality.

From the Paper
"Computer-assisted test achievements, explanation, as well as report writing can be fairly helpful to psychologists as they complete appraisals. It is imperative that psychologists considering computer applications for assessment customs also reflect on and tackle the inbuilt ethical issues. A number of authors (Jacob-Timm & Hartshorne, 1998; Owaby, 1997) question the suitability of utilizing narratives, or pieces thereof, created by software programs, instead of the psychologist himself or herself. Others (Eyde et al., 1993) neither bar nor support the practice, however, propose strategies for responsible utilization that comprise the amalgamation of computer-generated findings with other information, as well as the discovery and refusal of mistakes and overstatements in narratives fashioned by a computer program."

Tags:public, private, schools, test, practice, ethics

Abstract
This paper analyzes and compares two types of leadership - the "Wheel" and the "Web". The author sees that the twentieth century was marked by a series of economical, social and political changes that resulted in the restructuring and transformation of a number of traditional beliefs and customary views. This process, he believes, changed the fundamental framework of leadership, transforming it from the "wheel" that supported the Industrial Age to the "web" that forms the heart of the Age of Information. The "wheel" type of leadership is recognized by the fundamental traits of command, control and power and is commonly associated with the male leadership characteristics of individuality and autonomy. On the other hand, the leadership known as the "web", incorporates the basic traits of collaboration, communication and participation and is recognized by the characteristics of organization and cooperation that have come to be commonly associated with modern female leadership . This paper describes the face of modern female leadership as well as famous female leaders.

Table of Contents
I. A Transformation
II. The Face of Modern Female Leadership
III. Contrast, Comparison & Conclusion

From the Paper
""Leaders are visionaries with a poorly developed sense of fear and no concept of the odds against them...they make things happen" ~ Robert Jarvick, inventor of the artificial heart (Leadership). The characteristic mark of leadership and the traits of those who have excelled at it can be traced throughout the pages of world history and down through the centuries of the development of human civilization. Up until the twentieth century, these traits and characteristics showed some modification but little basic and fundamental change. The twentieth century, however, was marked by a series of economical, social and political changes that resulted in the restructuring and transformation of a number of traditional beliefs and customary views. This restructuring process included basic changes in the fundamental framework of leadership, transforming it from the "wheel" that supported the Industrial Age to the "web" that forms the heart of the Age of Information (Guido-DiBrito et al, 1996, pp. 28-29)."

Tags:leadership, male, female, 20th, century, wheel, web, Industrial, Age

Abstract
This paper describes three basic angles of the media's impact on adolescent self-perception. The paper illustrates the media's most positive portrayal of teenagers and its more customary negative angle. It provides real world examples of the state of adolescence in America. The paper explores how and why corporate America and the media affect the nation's children.

Table of Contents
I. Fear is in the TV: Media images of an adolescent world
II. Truth is in the Streets: The rest of the story
III. Autopsy Reports in the Profit Margins: What does Corporate America have to gain?
a. Media Stock in Violence
b. Drug Companies and the New Marketplace
c. Get Tough on Crime (it's easy on the approval ratings)
d. Selling Popularity
IV. I Don't Want to Be Part of Your World: Self-definition and other underage options
a. Media Complications and Youth Reactions
b. Self-Definition and Viable Options
V. Summary
VI. Sources Used

From the Paper
"I began work on this paper with every intention of sticking to traditional subjects. I planned to discuss media portrayal of women and beauty, the formation of high school "cool" through marketing and media pressure, and the legalities of advertising to teenagers. Along the way I expected to discuss such random issues as cartoon characters and smoking campaigns. However, once I actually started my research, an entirely different topic kept popping up over and over again: the negative media portrayal of teenagers and the wholesale selling of violence and mind-altering drugs.
"Multiple school shootings have passed in recent memory. Daily news reports continue to be filled with stories of adolescent murderers and children in adult prisons. The question then presented itself to my mind, how does all this negative media coverage affect the way teens view themselves, and the way in which they interact with the world? Are teens today really more violent, and if so, is that the fault of the entertainment media or some other cause? What is it like to be part of a subculture that takes the brunt of these media scandals? Is it all hype, and does the hype worsen the problem?
Increasingly my other research seemed to pale in comparison to these questions. One day when I was at the library, a boy walked by wearing a Marilyn Manson T-shirt that piqued my interest and made up my mind as to how I should approach this paper. It read: "Is adult entertainment killing our children, or is killing children entertaining our adults?" I set myself the task of answering that question, and further exploring how media messages on violence and group conformity might change the self-perception and self-identification of adolescents, with a focus on the events at Columbine.
There are three basic angles that I felt needed to be explored. First, I attempted to explain the media's most positive portrayal of teenagers and its more customary, negative angle. Then I contrasted these stereotypes with a few real-world truths about the state of adolescence in America. Finally, I tried to explore how and just as importantly, why, corporate America and the general media have affected our children."

Tags:media, adolescent, self-perception, teenager, adolescence, america, corporate, violence, crime

Abstract
Discusses the introductioin of normative values into the practice of engineering. Application of ethical principles. Customary practice of engineering (cost, efficiency, scheduling, risks). Putting a system of ethics into the process to create a framework to consider potential actions. Varioius sytems of ethics (Utilitarianism, Deontology). Ethical problems of decision making.

From the Paper
"THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERS TO SOCIETY

The consideration of the social responsibilities of engineers involves the concept of introducing normative values into the generally positivist practice of engineering. The introduction of normative values into the practice of engineering, in turn involves the application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to the process of engineering practice and engineering management (Lynch & Kline, 2000).

The customary practice of engineering involves attention to the balancing of issues such as cost, efficiency, scheduling, best practices, and various types of risk in the design, construction, and completion of a project (Buckam, Ehrenfeld, & Rainwater, 2000). The application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to this process means that the engineer must overlay the ..."