Abstract This paper is about the customary business, management and negotiation practices in Jamaica. It discusses the fundamental shift from a socialized to a market driven economy. The paper looks at the dependency of the Jamaican economy on services and the long term problems of the economy.
From the Paper "The reforms embraced measures that have been implemented in many other developing countries in the past two decades including removal of price controls, privatization of state assets and enterprises, liberalization of financial markets and international trade and reform of public administration..."
Abstract This paper examines how there are four types of legal systems in existence in the modern world: civil law, common law, customary law, and religious law. It look at how all four types of legal systems have lengthy histories and share some common elements and how one can see the overlapping influence of different legal systems in each different type.
Outline:
Legal Systems
Transnational Crimes
From the Paper "Those countries associated with the common law are based on precedent and find their roots in English law. Common law systems give their judges the power to establish law and lower courts are required to follow those decisions. Therefore, the source of the law is custom and even in areas where there are no statutes there may be guiding laws. Legislatures continue to have the power and ability to make laws, but courts have the power to make law, not simply interpret it. More importantly, though the laws in common law countries have often been written and codified, it is the fact that judicial decisions initially formed those laws that separate common law countries from civil law countries. "
Abstract This paper analyzes and compares two types of leadership - the "Wheel" and the "Web". The author sees that the twentieth century was marked by a series of economical, social and political changes that resulted in the restructuring and transformation of a number of traditional beliefs and customary views. This process, he believes, changed the fundamental framework of leadership, transforming it from the "wheel" that supported the Industrial Age to the "web" that forms the heart of the Age of Information. The "wheel" type of leadership is recognized by the fundamental traits of command, control and power and is commonly associated with the male leadership characteristics of individuality and autonomy. On the other hand, the leadership known as the "web", incorporates the basic traits of collaboration, communication and participation and is recognized by the characteristics of organization and cooperation that have come to be commonly associated with modern female leadership . This paper describes the face of modern female leadership as well as famous female leaders.
Table of Contents
I. A Transformation
II. The Face of Modern Female Leadership
III. Contrast, Comparison & Conclusion
From the Paper ""Leaders are visionaries with a poorly developed sense of fear and no concept of the odds against them...they make things happen" ~ Robert Jarvick, inventor of the artificial heart (Leadership). The characteristic mark of leadership and the traits of those who have excelled at it can be traced throughout the pages of world history and down through the centuries of the development of human civilization. Up until the twentieth century, these traits and characteristics showed some modification but little basic and fundamental change. The twentieth century, however, was marked by a series of economical, social and political changes that resulted in the restructuring and transformation of a number of traditional beliefs and customary views. This restructuring process included basic changes in the fundamental framework of leadership, transforming it from the "wheel" that supported the Industrial Age to the "web" that forms the heart of the Age of Information (Guido-DiBrito et al, 1996, pp. 28-29)."
Tags: leadership, male, female, 20th, century, wheel, web, Industrial, Age
Abstract This paper describes three basic angles of the media's impact on adolescent self-perception. The paper illustrates the media's most positive portrayal of teenagers and its more customary negative angle. It provides real world examples of the state of adolescence in America. The paper explores how and why corporate America and the media affect the nation's children.
Table of Contents
I. Fear is in the TV: Media images of an adolescent world
II. Truth is in the Streets: The rest of the story
III. Autopsy Reports in the Profit Margins: What does Corporate America have to gain?
a. Media Stock in Violence
b. Drug Companies and the New Marketplace
c. Get Tough on Crime (it's easy on the approval ratings)
d. Selling Popularity
IV. I Don?t Want to Be Part of Your World: Self-definition and other underage options
a. Media Complications and Youth Reactions
b. Self-Definition and Viable Options
V. Summary
VI. Sources Used
From the Paper "I began work on this paper with every intention of sticking to traditional subjects. I planned to discuss media portrayal of women and beauty, the formation of high school "cool" through marketing and media pressure, and the legalities of advertising to teenagers. Along the way I expected to discuss such random issues as cartoon characters and smoking campaigns. However, once I actually started my research, an entirely different topic kept popping up over and over again: the negative media portrayal of teenagers and the wholesale selling of violence and mind-altering drugs.
"Multiple school shootings have passed in recent memory. Daily news reports continue to be filled with stories of adolescent murderers and children in adult prisons. The question then presented itself to my mind, how does all this negative media coverage affect the way teens view themselves, and the way in which they interact with the world? Are teens today really more violent, and if so, is that the fault of the entertainment media or some other cause? What is it like to be part of a subculture that takes the brunt of these media scandals? Is it all hype, and does the hype worsen the problem?
Increasingly my other research seemed to pale in comparison to these questions. One day when I was at the library, a boy walked by wearing a Marilyn Manson T-shirt that piqued my interest and made up my mind as to how I should approach this paper. It read: "Is adult entertainment killing our children, or is killing children entertaining our adults?" I set myself the task of answering that question, and further exploring how media messages on violence and group conformity might change the self-perception and self-identification of adolescents, with a focus on the events at Columbine.
There are three basic angles that I felt needed to be explored. First, I attempted to explain the media's most positive portrayal of teenagers and its more customary, negative angle. Then I contrasted these stereotypes with a few real-world truths about the state of adolescence in America. Finally, I tried to explore how and just as importantly, why, corporate America and the general media have affected our children."
Abstract The paper states that at the core of economics is the study of human behavior in producing, distributing and consuming material goods and services in a world of scarce resources. The author feels that the United States must face the current economic situation with an eye to the scarcity of resources it possesses and the fact that no decision occurs without a component cost. The author underscores the fact that current common economic indicators, which do not perfectly obey the textbook definition of stasis, boom or recession, only exacerbates the sense of indecision around how to manage this current situation.
From the Paper "The United States is currently in the grips of an economic situation that defies customary, conventional suppositions of recession and boom. The stock market is on shaky ground, having weathered one of the most crushing crashes over the past two years in recent memory, as well as a constant state of economic uncertainty in its technological sector. The market swings up for several weeks then back down again. Consumer confidence is down, even though the unemployment rate is above recession levels. Retirement funds are in jeopardy, yet the economy itself does not seem to be contracting. The United States government is facing a budgetary crisis, yet it also must budget for war. It wishes to lower income taxes to stimulate the economy, yet not face an overwhelming deficit."
Abstract Discusses the introductioin of normative values into the practice of engineering. Application of ethical principles. Customary practice of engineering (cost, efficiency, scheduling, risks). Putting a system of ethics into the process to create a framework to consider potential actions. Varioius sytems of ethics (Utilitarianism, Deontology). Ethical problems of decision making.
From the Paper "THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERS TO SOCIETY
The consideration of the social responsibilities of engineers involves the concept of introducing normative values into the generally positivist practice of engineering. The introduction of normative values into the practice of engineering, in turn involves the application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to the process of engineering practice and engineering management (Lynch & Kline, 2000).
The customary practice of engineering involves attention to the balancing of issues such as cost, efficiency, scheduling, best practices, and various types of risk in the design, construction, and completion of a project (Buckam, Ehrenfeld, & Rainwater, 2000). The application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to this process means that the engineer must overlay the ..."
Abstract This paper examines how psychologists in public and private schools in America have an ethical responsibility to determine how computers can assist practice in order to increase efficiency and competence. It debates whether psychologists ought not to restore customary practice with technological progressions, but instead, utilize them to enhance practice. It also looks at how it is essential for psychologists using computers to facilitate consultation processes to be sensitive to the possibility of violations of professional ethical standards and also discusses issues of confidentiality.
From the Paper "Computer-assisted test achievements, explanation, as well as report writing can be fairly helpful to psychologists as they complete appraisals. It is imperative that psychologists considering computer applications for assessment customs also reflect on and tackle the inbuilt ethical issues. A number of authors (Jacob-Timm & Hartshorne, 1998; Owaby, 1997) question the suitability of utilizing narratives, or pieces thereof, created by software programs, instead of the psychologist himself or herself. Others (Eyde et al., 1993) neither bar nor support the practice, however, propose strategies for responsible utilization that comprise the amalgamation of computer-generated findings with other information, as well as the discovery and refusal of mistakes and overstatements in narratives fashioned by a computer program."
Abstract This paper examines how act utilitarianism is a direct moral theory and how the morally right action is the one that maximises happiness. In comparison, it looks at how rule utilitarianism, while concerned with actions, is a more indirect theory in which the morally right action is not the one that necessarily maximises happiness in every situation. It considers whether John Mill is an act or rule utilitarian, using Mill's idea of customary morality and evaluates which version of utilitarianism is more plausible.
From the Paper "Rule utilitarianism is not then very plausible as a form of utilitarianism, but it does at least offer answers to some of the problems with act utilitarianism. If one is to maximise happiness then in theory one has to calculate the welfare values associated with every potential action. This is obviously not realistic as one would have to spend a good deal of one's live calculating such values, which itself would surely not lead to happiness being maximised as these calculations themselves can not be described as particularly pleasurable. Indeed would someone really stand on the shore contemplating the consequences of saving a drowning man for more than a split second before acting?"
Abstract This paper presents a balanced representation of the position of women in medieval society. The paper analyzes the three classes of women, as throughout history, class has been the determinant factor contributing to social place, responsibility, and opportunity. Women of the nobility, middle-class, and peasant status are discussed with regard to their position in society. The status of women in these three classes is explored in accordance with legal, as well as customary, tradition in an attempt to reduce generalizations and falsehoods.
From the Paper "Within our society there is a fascination with the special position of women in nearly every period of history. Perhaps this fascination with the past is rooted in our constant hope to prove social progress. "Social history aids in understanding women's condition in any age; it is particularly essential for comprehending women in the Middle Ages, an era remote enough from our own so that common social presumptions do not pertain." The danger then becomes a tendency to generalize a condition that is somehow much worse than our present social position. The necessity of the historian is to offer a responsible representation of history. Women throughout history have been dominated by the customs of their status and also the legality of there state. Yet, it remains to be proven, without contention that the real lives of women were better of worse, at any given period in history, unless the template for such judgment is based upon modern idealistic ideas of social reform and civil liberties."
Abstract This paper examines how companies have been experiencing a considerable dilemma in cultural values in the wake of a massive scale of amalgamations going on worldwide. It looks at how now they have to touch upon not only the customary cultural disparities of interaction at the company level, but also over much broader matters relating to culture and languages. It explores how the image of the place of work is undergoing transformation and how an increasing number of women, a higher incidence of racial minorities, and a greater number of migrants are becoming part of the total employee size.
From the Paper "A lot of verbal and nonverbal variations in interactions inherent to a culture exist, which might influence on the interference procedure with persons coming from divergent history of culture and languages. Every culture exemplifies its own conventions regarding accepted behavioral norms that have a bearing on the verbal and nonverbal interactions. Culture aids individuals with manner of imaginations, manner of envisioning, listening and understanding the universe. Therefore identical set of expressions can convey dissimilar substances to individuals from diverse cultures although they might be conversing in the same jargon. Whereas the diversity in languages, conversion into one's own language has to be resorted to for enabling communication, the chances of misinterpretations rise."
Abstract This paper explores the psychosexual conflict between the hero archetype and feminine archetype in a group of Stevens' poems and underscores how that conflict supplements or surprises customary readings. It focuses on the poet-hero as the central figure of sexual polarity, distinct from biography and contemporary critical approaches, and thus humanizes many abstract stick-figures.
From the Paper "One of the constructive ways to get at the abstractions and ambiguities in the poetry of Wallace Stevens is to reify the diverse speakers of his poems as a single protagonist-an archetype of the poet-and to treat this meta-Stevens as the psychosexual hero of his own poems. Archetypes and archetypal patterns abound in poetry, but it is plain that in Stevens more than in other modern poets the primary conflict beneath the surface of many of his poems is a conflict between male and females archetypes, and the poet-hero's self-protective ambivalence between creation and procreation as competitors. Stevens invites this archetypal reading because the female figures in his work, young and old, are archetypal sketches or women without biographies. To analyze the poet-hero's psychosexual interaction with these figures turns conventional interpretations of Stevens' poetry on their head and uncovers fresh and comprehensible vantage points on his work."
Abstract This paper discusses and examines the evolution of Shari'a and its development from its Qur'anic usage to the time of Ibn Taymia. The paper examines the roots of Islamic law, the prophet Muhammed, political and religious schisms within Islam and important figures in the religion.
Introduction
Pre-Islamic Law
Muhammed the Law Giver
Early Qu'anic Law
Political Schisms and Islamic Law
What is Customary and Right
Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328
Conclusion
From the Paper "Islamic law had its roots in pre-Islamic Arab society. This society and its law showed both profane and magical features. The law was magical in so far as the rules of investigation and evidence were dominated by sacral procedures, such as divination, oath, and curse; and it was profane in so far as even penal law was reduced to questions of compensation and payment. There are no indications that a sacred law existed among the pagan Arabs; this was an innovation of Islam. The magical element left only faint traces, but Islamic law preserved the profane character of a considerable portion of penal law. It also preserved the essential features of the law of personal status, family, and inheritance as it existed, no doubt with considerable variations of detail, both in the cities and among the bedouin of Arabia."
Abstract This paper explains that Napoleon firmly believed that Frenchmen needed equality more than liberty; he saw the codification of the laws as a means of giving stability to both the French economy and society. The author states that the Code Napoleon is written in clear and concise language and seeks to strike a balance between Roman and customary law by blending the egalitarian principles of the Revolution in regards to individual rights with the conservative views of Roman law regarding property rights. The paper relates that the Declaration de Saint-Owen guaranteed the retention of Napoleon's Code as the law of France; however, (1) of the countries of the Empire, only the Belgian provinces and the Rhineland retained the civil code completely intact, (2) Holland, Italy and Portugal modeled their national codes upon it and (3) Spain, several South American countries, the State of Louisiana and French Canada would all later adopt large portions of the Napoleonic Code into their own codes.
From the Paper "Prior to the French Revolution, French law was divided chiefly between two systems: Roman law (which had changed little since the Justinian Code (533 AD)) was paramount in the southern two-fifths of France; and Teutonic Customary law in the northern provinces with the dividing line running generally along the river Loire. Some attributes of customary law existed in the south, and traces of Roman law could be found in the Northern provinces. In the north there were over sixty regional variations of the customary law in existence; in addition to the over three hundred local variations which combined the regional law with the unique local customs of the region. "Voltaire was not exaggerating when he said that in France the traveler changed laws as often as he changed horses.""
This paper discusses the use of symbols in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall Paper", a portrayal of the oppression of women in the nineteenth century and explores the style of her later writings.
Abstract This paper explains that it is customary to find the symbol of the house as representing a secure place for a woman's transformation and her release of self-expression; however, in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall Paper", the protagonist does not want to be in the house and declares it is "haunted". The author points out that the yellow wall-paper plays a double role because (1) it has the ability to trap her in with its intricate pattern, which leads her to no satisfying end; however, (2) it also sets her free. The paper relates that, when examining the larger body of Gilman's work, there is a shift away from the type of confused first-person narrator found in the very popular "The Yellow Wall-Paper" towards a confident all-knowing third-person narrator, not stories that explore the complex psychological development of a character but rather stories that feature stock characters who can be seen as a representative of a type or a class.
From the Paper "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper," does more than just tell the story of a woman who suffers at the hands of 19th century quack medicine. Gilman created a protagonist with real emotions and a real psyche that can be examined and analyzed in the context of modern psychology. In fact, to understand the psychology of the unnamed protagonist is to be well on the way to understanding the story itself. "The Yellow Wall-Paper," written in first-person narrative, charts the psychological state of the protagonist as she slowly deteriorates into schizophrenia (a disintegration of the personality)."
This paper examines the detrimental effects of accepting one's assigned gender as well as the importance of breaking through the traditional barriers which result in self-actualization and discovery.
Abstract This paper discusses the significant changes to traditional gender roles in the last 30 years. Research proves that women today are pursuing careers more so than ever before. The myth of masculinity is undergoing a transformation as is the image of fatherhood. Many men are downshifting from work away from the home in order to spend more time directly parenting their children. The writer describes the damaging effects of forcing men and women into customary gender-based roles which deprive children of maximizing their career options, status and lifestyles that run opposite to what society sees as acceptable. This paper also explains why applying biologically based assumptions in feminine behavior is not only scientifically unsound but socially damaging.
From the Paper "Meekly evolving into your gender role, be it policeman or housewife, will merely enforce what men and women have been trying to get away from these past 20 years: gender roles can cause more harm than good. We can not expect future generations to be as comfortable and confident of what they can achieve if it is still expected of women to stay home with the children while the men work hours on end to support the family.
Despite the fact that acceptance is suppressing some would be nurturers, it is believed by some that because men and women are fundamentally different they should accept their different roles throughout society. Opponents would rather have women at home with the children. They would keep the men at work and out of the homes based on traditional gender views."
Tags: women, men, perception, sexuality, research, statistics, children, career
