A literature review on the subject of African-American fathers who have sole custody of their children. A comparison of the available literature for this group with those of other groups.
Abstract Men are increasingly receiving custody of their children, leading to an augmented rate of single-father families in the US. However, many observers are still under the impression that there are only a few custodial fathers; consequently, the existing data on this group is limited. This project is an analysis of the available literature on African-American fathers who have custody of their children. Considering there are a number of factors that lead fathers to become sole custodians, assist them in the process thereof, and resultant changes that occur both in their lives and the lives of their children, the following questions navigate this study: 1) How do African-American fathers become single parents? 2) What social networks are available to assist these fathers? 3) How does becoming sole custodians shape their lives?
Table of Contents
Introduction: African American Men & Society
Jennifer Hamer on Black Custodial Fathers
?Mothering,? Can He Do It?
How Do Fathers Become Custodial Parents?
What Social Networks are Available to Assist Single Fathers?
How Does Becoming Single Parents Shape Their Lives?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Traditional images of what an American family should be would include a father, mother and child (ren). National increases in divorce and non-marital childbearing in the United States have changed the face of the typical American family. This alteration in the nuclear family ushered in a new family model, the single parent or guardian (as they are sometimes termed). Single parents have become a major component within American culture, but much to the surprise of some researchers, it is not only women who are rearing today's youth. A growing number of fathers are assuming primary care of their children, but public policy/programs have not responded effectively to this phenomenon. Public ideas and images have given men the principles by which they should govern the way they speak, the way they look, the way they should respond to a given situation and how they should behave as fathers (Hamer, 2001). These standards have existed within American culture for decades and have made very little if any adjustment overtime. From the turn of the century to the 1970's "ideal" fathers were primarily perceived as warmhearted providers on whom all family members could depend (Hamer, 2001). In general, men were measured by their breadwinning role and the standard of living they were able to provide for themselves and their families."
Abstract This extensive paper defines global custody as a centralized service for the administration of all cross-border investments. The author is interested in UBS, the merger of Union Bank of Switzerland, and SBC, whose key strength of lies in the extent of its in-house business. The author believes that the future of custodian business will be shaped by two main provisos, specifically, technological development and personnel professional skills.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Players
Mellon Trust
Credit Suisse
UBS
Northern Trust
Royal Trust
HSBC-GIS
BNP Paribas
Brown Brothers Harriman
ABN-AMRO Mellon
Bank Leu
Credit Suisse First Boston
The Evolution of the Custody Market
The Importance of the Custodian and its Relationships
The European Market
Germany
Regulatory Framework
Marketing of Foreign Collective Investment Schemes in Germany
Market Situation
Advertising
Sales Agents
Tax Regulations
Legal Constraints
The Competitive Environment
Barriers
Advantages
Finland
Merita Bank
Denmark
The Market
Norway
Den Norske Bank
Christiania Bank
The Climate
Market Players
Union Bank of Norway
Sweden
The Market Players
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken
Svenska Handelsbanken
Swedbank
The Market
The Prospects
Why to Go Global for Global Custody Services?
Competitive Advantage for the UBS
The Services that UBS Provides
Securities Safekeeping
Entitlements and Redemption
Corporate Actions
Proxy Voting Services
Securities Trading
Reclamation of Withholding Tax
Cash Management
Relationship and Account Management
Investment Accounting
Investment Accounting under IAS
Recommendations (ARR)
Investment Reporting
Securities Lending
Compliance Monitoring
UBS KeyLink
UBS PortfolioLink
UBS AssetLink
Conclusion
From the Paper "Merita Bank fortunes change from year to year and its most consistent characteristic appears to be its incongruity. Some of Merita's problems can be traced back to market idiosyncrasies, most notably an inflexibility about local practices that defy the efforts of even the most pliable agent bank: Merita's progress is all the more notable as a result. Also making progress is Leonia Bank, but its client base is negligible. SEB Securities Services and Svenska Handelsbanken are the real ringers to watch, thereby making Finland a natural target for those with regional ambitions in Europe's colder bands."
Abstract This paper is a detailed look at fathers who do not have custody of their children after a divorce or separation. The author discusses the court system's preference towards awarding mothers custody and why children psychologically need both parents following a divorce. The paper also discusses the harmful psychological effects that non-custodial fathers experience when separated from their children and the group therapy and support systems available.
From the Paper "Single fathers ?can "mother" as well as women?. By an empirical research Lamb, 1999; Lazar & Guttman, 1998; Thomas & Forehand, 1993 have ascertained that men can be the custodians of a child and help the child become a respected citizen of the society. Contrasting are the views held by Daniel Amneus ?the system of female-headed "families" which has created ghettos and barrios by encouraging women to marry the state and breed fatherless children who are eight times more likely to become delinquent. In spite of these figures, U.S. statistics reveal that 40% of American children do not live in homes where their fathers live, making "fatherlessness" "the most harmful trend of this generation". Proclaiming that the absence of fathers in the home is probably less alarming than our own absence of belief in fathers, Blankenhorn further questions our ability to find ways to ?invigorate effective fatherhood as a norm of male behavior.?
Abstract This paper is a discussion of the issue of a father's rights in the case of a custody battle. Tradition dictates that the mother wins full custody after nearly every divorce. The paper covers the legal strategies and approaches a father can take in order to get a better chance at earning custody of their children after divorce.
Abstract This paper examines how the history of assignment of custodial responsibility for children when parents separate or divorce has varied more than most people realize. It discusses how American courts, as well as the Anglo system that preceded it, have held various views over the centuries regarding who should take care of children after divorce, with the view that either parent may be the best choice in any individual situation being a relatively new development. By looking at how court rulings have changed, particularly over the last thirty years, it attempts to demonstrate how it is evident that many men can and will do an excellent job of raising their children when called upon to do so.
Outline
History
Current Issues
Fathers? Rights Movements
Examples of Single Fathers
Factors that Help Fathers Win Custody Joint Custody Conclusion
From the Paper "Laws have changed to reflect changes in society standards. In 1973, the New York Supreme Court ruled against the automatic assumption that of the two biological parents, the mother is automatically the best parent to receive custody of children in a divorce. They wrote, ?The simple fact of being a mother does not, by itself, indicate a willingness or capacity to render a quality of care different than that which a father can provide.? (Risman, 1985) By 1982 the state of Missouri had acted in a similar way. A Missouri court order from that year states, ??If both parents are employed and equally absent from the home, the mother has no more part in training, nurturing and helping in the child's development; and if everything is equal, the mother has no better claim to child custody.? (Stachewicz, 1993)."
Abstract "After reading this book, it seems apparent that success in divorce custody cases is almost completely dependent on the lawyer's skill. If the woman is not able to hire an experienced, skillful lawyer, she is likely to have problems obtaining positive results, and may even lose custody of the children, despite being competent to raise them
From the Paper "After reading this book, it seems apparent that success in divorce custody cases is almost completely dependent on the lawyer's skill. If the woman is not able to hire an experienced, skillful lawyer, she is likely to have problems obtaining positive results, and may even lose custody of the children, despite being competent to raise them. There are several issues that are important: making sure that the woman gets to a good lawyer quickly, having a lawyer that is not overtly connected to her husband, or her husband's lawyer, and finding a lawyer who truly listens and is not condescending are major ones. There are also some important controversies regarding the ..."
Abstract Discusses two opposing views of child welfare on the issue of nonbiological custody. The paper examines parental rights versus the "best interests of the child" doctrine. It also looks at the philosophy of the legal system regarding child custody disputes and placements.
From the Paper "Child Welfare
Nonbiological Custody
INTRODUCTION
There are difficult decisions made whenever custody decisions award custody to nonbiological parents. While there are many who are opposed to granting custody to nonbiological parents, others argue that so..."
Abstract This paper discusses a hypothetical custodial and child support-related case (Smith vs. Smith), in which the father is suing for child support payments from his ex-partner, despite the fact that neither is the child's biological parent. The paper essentially discusses the issue of child custody when reproductive technology is used and the extent of responsibility by the parties involved.
From the Paper "Still, child support modification cases have increasingly stressed appropriateness of situation, in lieu of traditional family structures, such as Graham v. Graham (Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, 1991, Areen 822-825). This case stressed how cohabitation and remarriage should not necessarily be a factor in deciding fitness, unless these issues adversely affect the life of the child, as well as the fact that states are taking a more active role in ensuring that individuals continue to take an active financial and personal life in the lives of their child, even subsequent to a divorce. This goes even so far as to suspend driver's licenses for individuals who shirk appropriate court-ordered support payments, as in State Department of Revenue v. Beans (Supreme Court of Alaska, 1998, Areen 853-856)."
This paper explores the issues of child custody, the principles of best interests of the child and of the primary caregiver and how women's rights are viewed in terms of international law.
Abstract This paper explains that issues of custody, childcare, social responsibility, as well as the structuring of the family and economic relationships all have to be addressed within one context. The paper then argues that the legal and judicial system, both at the local and international level, regularly fails to acknowledge the context and uses approaches based on misguided assumptions. The paper further asserts that principles such as best interests of the child and primary caregiver often function in the interests of the male partner and to the detriment of both the woman and her child. The paper concludes that although feminists are advocating for legislative change at the provincial, national and international levels, it will take time before positive outcomes will be achieved.
From the Paper "The principle of the best interests of the child has served to guide the law of custody. In order to implement the principle of the best interests of the child, considerations of custodial arrangements are inadequate; what must be regarded as the priority is the quality of the child's life which will be the result of the custody award (Rogerson, 1988). Gender is significant because of economics and the fact that women as custodial parents have a vastly different financial potential than men. Rogerson charges that current family law is unequipped to address the economic issues after marriage breakdown. Crossman and Ryder (2001), for instance, maintain that the legal system needs to avoid assumptions associated with relationship status and focus on the economic and emotional interdependence between the two partners."
Abstract This paper critically examines Maynard Solomon's portrayal, in his biography "Beethoven", of Ludwig van Beethoven's battle for custody of his nephew Karl. It argues that although Solomon delves into Beethoven's psychology and his motives for pursuing custody, the author fails to objectively depict the custody battle. The paper explains that, instead, Solomon's coverage is uneven and his perspective skewed, and he glosses over certain facts that might have shown Beethoven in a more unfavorable light.
From the Paper "In the chapter "Beethoven and his Nephew," Maynard Solomon makes insightful observations about Beethoven's motives for fighting to gain custody of his nephew Karl, and about Beethoven's feelings toward both Karl and his mother Johanna. He examines Beethoven's psychology in depth, and forms interesting connections between Beethoven's actions and previous events in his life. Overall, however, Solomon does not succeed in accurately depicting the conflict. Despite his thorough analysis of Beethoven's psyche, Solomon glosses over how Beethoven's extreme actions affected Karl's development. He rarely mentions Beethoven's cruelty toward Karl and does not treat the boy as a full-blown character in the saga. As if this omission weren't enough, Solomon also attempts to excuse Beethoven's cruel and unethical actions regarding Karl and Johanna. Because of these shortcomings, Solomon fails to appropriately convey the gravity of the conflict; he neglects to devote an appropriate amount of space to Karl himself, and tries to soften the harsh facts of Beethoven's cruelty."
Abstract Since the women's revolution of the 1960s, it appears that men's issues have taken the backseat. This paper focuses on the three main areas concerning masculinity and men's roles: the history of men's roles in society, the growing hazardous depiction of men in the media and child custody and divorce.
Outline
Introduction
Discussion
Masculinity: A History
Men in the Media: Adverse Images?
Facing Problems in Divorce and Child Custody Conclusion
From the Paper "In addressing the issues facing men in the family, it is best to start by taking a look at the role of the father. The most popular and most persistent model of a father has been that of the "breadwinner". Identified by Joseph Pleck, the "father breadwinner" model postulates that fathers are the "ultimate sources of both morality and discipline, but physically, socially, and emotionally removed from the family by their concentration on work" (Cohen, 1993:p.2). The basic idea behind this model of fatherhood is that fathers are meant to be providers of finance and discipline but nothing more. This has lead to the predominant issues facing family men in child custody and a breadth of other issues. First I will deal with child custody. "
Abstract This paper researches the British legal system with regards to youthful offenders and the sentencing of juvenile offenders in British Courts. This research shows that more studies are necessary in order to develop a program to better assist young offenders in the British legal system.
Contents:
Research Proposal Objective
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Methodology of the Research
Age of Juvenile Offender According to General British Law
Alternative Sentencing Solutions Available in British Courtrooms
Youthful Offenders: Custodial Sentence
Argument Both For and Against Custodial Sentencing of Young Offenders
Findings
From the Paper "The age of 'responsibility' or 'accountability' in the criminal justice court in England and Wales is the age of 10. Juveniles in the age range between 10 and 17 years old must appear before a youth court upon receiving a criminal charge A National Institute of Justice report states that "the sanctions available to youth courts are more restricted than those for adult courts, the major differences being that fines can be imposed which parents must pay and supervision or attendance center orders may be imposed." (NIJ Report) Options exist that may be pursued in lieu of typical trial on the case the defendant is charged under. For example, the following options are available in the British Court/Legal System. Alternatives to trials exist, according to the National Institute of Justice Report due to the possibility of a "formal caution administered by the police, used disproportionately for young offenders...." Stated is that a caution of a formal nature makes as a requirement that specific conditions be met. Inclusive in these requirements is that the offender: (1) admit to the offense; and (2) The offender and their guardian must be willing to "proceed as the police wish".
The following is stated in relation to Youth Courts which are one within the division of various Special Courts: Courts. Youth courts are specialized magistrates' courts that adjudicate cases involving defendants less than 18 years of age. There are restrictions on the access of the public and press to such courts. The defendant and any other witnesses under 18 years old must not be identified. "
Tags: restorative, process, custodial, sentencing, probation, community, service
Abstract The paper examines a case where a suspect made incriminating statements at different times throughout the evening of his arrest. The paper analyzes each instance separately to determine whether "Miranda" warnings were required. The paper explains that if the suspect was "in custody" at the officer's first question, then the suspect's answer should not be admissible in court. The paper highlights the exceptions to this rule in that the suspect waived his rights, the suspect was not considered to be "in custody," or the officer can prove the public safety exception from the "New York v. Quarles" case.
From the Paper "Before the landmark case, Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966), suspects taken into custody by law enforcement were not entitled to be made aware of their rights to remain silent, under the Fifth Amendment, and their right to an attorney, as per the Sixth Amendment. The U.S. Supreme Court in the Miranda case decided that officers should be required to warn of these rights upon taking a suspect into custody.
"In order to enforce this decision, the consequences for refraining from reading a suspect their Miranda rights can include the exclusion, from the subsequent court proceedings, of any incriminating statements/gestures made by said suspect. The present case exemplifies a situation where a suspect made incriminating statements at different times throughout the evening of his arrest. Each instance must be analyzed separately to determine whether Miranda warnings were required."
Tags: law, enforcement, public, safety, arrest, rights
Abstract This paper takes a look at three major police commissions of inquiry into the New South Wales police service during the 20th century: the commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the Commission into the Inquiry of the NSW police administration, also known as the Fitzgerald report, and the Wood Royal commission. The recommendations of these reports are discussed, including whether or not these recommendations were implemented.
From the Paper "Three major commissions of the twentieth century have been the commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the Commission into the Inquiry of the NSW police administration, also known as the Fitzgerald report, and the Wood Royal commission. These commissions have made many different recommendations pertaining to particular matters. These recommendations are implemented in order to reform existing practices and to transform them into practices that are to be acceptable to both government, community and all other parties involved. Various recommendations that have been made regarding these issues have had a central focus and common ground. Although these recommendations are issued, there is no guarantee that government will implement these recommendations and other recommendations that have been implemented are often not sustained in both legislature and other bodies. Some recommendations require legislative change and some can be applied very quickly while others require more time in order to change laws and acts. It is the government's onus to implement these recommendations. Numerous recommendations arising from these commissions are undesirable to the government, so the adoption of these recommendations is often slow or they are not adopted at all."
