Abstract The paper discusses the issue of curfew, its practice around the U.S. and whether New York City should implement a youth curfew. The paper's final analysis endorses the idea of a curfew as one step in preventing an increase in juvenile crime.
From the Paper "Curfew Laws for New York City: Argument in Favor of a Curfew Law in New York City. Curfew laws are regulations which specify the hours that certain age groups must remain off public sidewalks and streets or in other public spaces. Most, but not all American cities, have some type of curfew laws in place. Such laws are generally intended to keep juveniles off the streets during certain hours, generally late evening and early morning, for their own protection and to prevent or retard juvenile crime."
Abstract The paper offers reasons for supporting juvenile curfew laws. The paper explains the two purposes of these laws and presents arguments for and against them. The paper concludes that the curfew laws are important because of the message they send.
From the Paper "An Argument in Favor of Juvenile Curfew Laws. Juvenile curfew laws laws that establish a time of day or night when juveniles are forbidden to be on the streets unaccompanied by an adult and subject to arrest if found by authorities, are designed for two purposes. First, as Lee F O'Brien noted, these laws are meant to reduce the possibility that juveniles will commit crimes or victimize others, secondly, these laws are meant to protect juveniles from victimization."
Abstract This paper examines how current juvenile curfew programs have shown success but not enough to be accepted as statistically significant on a national level. It looks at how studies have shown that there is a correlation regarding the implementation of juvenile curfew measures although current studies have not been able to establish their relationship with juvenile crime and victimization directly. It argues that though the success of curfews has limited statistical support, it should not be dismissed either as an option and how, if implemented correctly, they can contribute well not only to the prevention of crime but also in the development of values among minors.
Outline
Introduction
Hirschi's Social Control Theory
Implementation of Curfews Issues Raised
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to Lundman, the enforcement of curfews is in line with the deterrence theory that states that "certain, swift, and severe punishments" will cause juveniles to rationally weigh consequences and commit fewer criminal acts (1993, p.150). The objective is to protect children from being exposed or to engage in crime and delinquencies. Juveniles are viewed as being both susceptible and vulnerable to these offenses and may lack the maturity and experience to successfully deal with the situations (Hemmens & Bennett, 1999). The objective of curfews is not to restrict minors but rather to regulate their activities so that their lifestyles follow the model of behavior for their age (Ruefle & Reynolds, 1995)."
Abstract The paper discusses the teenage driving curfew laws in Virginia that were enacted to help save lives and keep teens off the road at the most dangerous times for drunk driving. The paper believes the curfew is a good idea because it helps save lives and makes people more aware about driving under the influence, along with making parents more aware of their children's activities. The paper brings evidence that supports this assertion and contends that the laws should be expanded to combat the still prevalent number of auto accidents that account for teen deaths in Virginia.
From the Paper "Studies indicate that teenage driving curfews, such as the one in Virginia, help save lives. A national Web site geared to teen driving notes, "Each year, motor vehicle crashes claim almost 42,000 lives, cause millions of injuries, and cost more than $150 billion in damages. Motor vehicle crashes are not accidents. They are the result of bad decisions and risky behaviors" ("Virginia Licensing Laws"). These laws may seem domineering and controlling, but studies have shown that teen driving curfews do work, and that they can reduce teen deaths after they are implemented. Virginia, along with a few other states, have some of the toughest teen driving laws in the country, and a study by the Insurance Institute shows that "fatal accidents among 15- to 17-year-old drivers dropped 19 percent between 1992 and 2002" (Mussenden) in these states."
Abstract In the early 1990s, many American cities used youth curfews to combat juvenile crime, and at the time, civil liberties groups opposed the measures as indiscriminate restrictions on the free movement of innocent and guilty alike ("Young Criminals: Early to Bed").
From the Paper "In the early 1990s, many American cities used youth curfews to combat juvenile crime, and at the time, civil liberties groups opposed the measures as indiscriminate restrictions on the free movement of innocent and guilty alike ("Young Criminals: Early to Bed"). Curfews have been instituted even more widely since then, with varying results. Curfews are also used to combat specific kinds of problem, as when cities use curfews to address a local gang problem or the prevalence of young drug dealers on streetcorners. Curfew restrictions are popular in some areas and unpopular in others, popular with the older generation and unpopular with the younger. They have been effective in some situations and not in others. An analysis of the issue suggests reasons for the disparity.
Curfew restrictions extend back many years, and one of the ..."
Abstract This research addresses the issues of neighborhood disorder and delinquency, analyzes prior research on the subject, and proposes policy implications as a result of the findings. The research proposal analyzes previous inquiries into the fields of criminal justice and criminology to discern what factors influence the manifestation of disorder and delinquency, with special attention paid to juveniles. From the resulting analysis, solutions are posed. As an outcome of the research, proposed policy changes may include the following: change in penalties for first time offenders; altered minimum and maximum penalties for those aiding a juvenile in crime; transformation in prevention strategies; lowering/raising the age at which a juvenile may be tried as an adult; implementation of a mandatory curfew for those underage, or modification in penalties for parents subsequently deemed liable when a child commits a crime.
From the Paper "I want to study the manifestation of neighborhood or community disorder and delinquency in adolescents. Although much research and prominence has been afforded the male juvenile offender ? from a fourth degree misdemeanor through capital murder ? little attention is paid to the female juvenile offender. In comparison, there is a great deal less research available on the factors that influence the female to commit a crime. It is just as critical to address the issues posed by a female offender. Some research suggests that this segment of the populous is one in which the frequency of crime is increasing at an alarming rate, even while their male counterparts see statistically fewer crimes committed each year on average. Therefore, it is meaningful to analyze both male and female offenders, as a group and separate."
An analysis of community-based actions in poor, problem-infested neighborhoods in the U.S., in particular the problems of drug trafficking in the neighborhood of Allerton Avenue in the Bronx, New York.
Abstract This paper focuses on the problems of drug trafficking in the poverty-stricken neighborhood of Allerton Avenue in the Bronx, New York and how drug trafficking is a very common issue in most poverty-ridden neighborhoods in the United States. It evaluates the lack of education and incentives of the youths in these areas who seek refuge in the delusional world of drugs and how drug-curtailing efforts by the police and other law-enforcement agencies are not successful. It discusses how the solution seems to be community involvement through citizen-driven programs which give citizens a chance to participate directly in those government actions, which aim at providing relief to poverty-stricken people of a particular neighborhood.
From the Paper "Recruiting the right community members for the task force may often become a major problem, as people do not want to become part of an active campaign. Therefore the more discreet and low profile a campaign is, the better are the chances of its success. People join action committees when they are certain others would not be able to find out. This is because oft-times news of such an action committee may leak out which alerts the drug-dealers and they stay on the lookout for those who support such committeesillegal activities in poverty-stricken areas. We have seen that usually in more affluent areas, there are social networks that regularly arrange social events for the community. This is done both for recreational as well as educational purposes. People in the community gather at one place and get a chance to discuss various problems. It is here that they can come up with effective solutions to eliminate neighborhood problems."
Abstract This paper provides a brief history of India and, in particular, looks at the communal conflict that was created in the newly divided provinces in 1947. It looks at how several political occurrences following India's independence have contributed to communal violence and how, due to this violence, India has been directly damaged by the destruction of shops, factories, and work premises, as well as by the reckless looting of shops and the continuous imposition of a government-issued curfew in many areas. It also examines how it has hurt India's economy through the disruption of economic activity at key ports in the state, resulting in a decrease in foreign investment.
From the Paper "India is currently the seventh largest country in the world and has a population of more than one billion people. Farming, agriculture, handicrafts, a broad range of modern industries, and various support services support India's economy. The first known settlers in India arrived around 40,000 BC. During the second millennium BC, Indo-Aryans from central Asia settled in the Ganges Valley. The fusing of the two cultures created the foundations for many main elements of Indian culture, in particular Sanskrit, Hinduism and the caste system."
Abstract This paper examines how institutionalization has historically been the juvenile justice system's primary reaction to at-risk girls. The majority of female juvenile delinquents committed less serious offenses, such as running away and truancy. It discusses how the juvenile justice system concentrated on detaining and committing these status offenders instead of examining what caused their problems and providing community-based services to effectively address them. It points out that young girls are more likely than boys to be incarcerated for status and minor offenses, such as truancy, running away, curfew violations, and petty theft, although the number of detained cases involving girls is growing at a slower rate than the number of court referrals involving girls.
From the Paper "According to Chesney-Lind & Shelden (1992), young women may be acting out as a means of self-protection in response to life-threatening conditions in many cases. Female juvenile delinquency has been reportedly caused by family problems to include sexual and/or physical abuse in the home. A large majority of female juvenile offenders report that their first arrest was for running away from home to avoid physical and sexual abuse. According to Bergsmann (1994), commitment is still a frequently used solution in today's society when no alternatives are available within the community to assist young women in crisis situations. Many programs designed to address the special needs of female delinquents remain inadequate in most states."
