Abstract
The writer of this paper ponders the question as to whether or not science is in fact cumulative. This paper analyzes Thomas Kuhn's essay: "The Nature And Necessity of Scientific Revolutions" which focuses on the cumulative nature of scientific knowledge as the central issue of consideration. This paper details Kuhn's two interpretations concerning what it means for science to be cumulative. The first definition contends that for science to be cumulative, old and new theories would out of necessity be compatible. In the second definition Kuhn proposes that were science to always move from some methodological lower to some higher type would result in a cumulative effect.

From the Paper
"Proving that science is cumulative does not in any way require one to also prove that old paradigms are compatible with their newer counterparts. What we need to show, rather, is that paradigms do in fact build upon one another. If this can be shown, the cumulative nature of science will in turn become apparent (hopefully). Given the acceptance of a paradigm, a number of other developments follow. Within the structure of normal science one attempts to utilize the given paradigm in order to advance science. By applying the paradigm, scientists attempt to develop further theories within its framework. From there these theories will eventually lead to either technological or social advances (depending on the science under consideration). In this pursuit of applying the paradigm, we eventually encounter anomalies which cannot be resolved within the given framework. Simply because these anomalies exist does not make it necessary to overthrow the current paradigm. Rather, these anomalies do not become a problem until a specific group of scientists find it necessary for them to be explained."

Tags:science, perception, theory, philosophy

Abstract
The paper discusses the rate of participation of African American men in professional sports as a function of cumulative advantage/disadvantage. The paper poses the social problem, discusses the investigation of the issue utilizing existing data sources and presents some conclusions. Sources utilized are cited and discussed in terms of their strength and reliability.

From the Paper
"Racial barriers to achievement have been declared dead by many who see the election of Barrack Obama signaling the end of discrimination (Williams, 2009, www.thecuttingedgenews.com). Only history will tell if this is truly the result of measurable sociological phenomena or just an amazing accomplishment of one unique man. Racial gains in educational attainment,..."

Tags:african, american, sports, merten

Abstract
Cumulative records reveal a history of behavioural and learning problems. In kindergarten John showed difficulties with learning the alphabet and numbers, as well as printing letters. He also displayed problems with focusing on tasks, which led to outbursts of frustration.

From the Paper
Track 2 Individualized Program Plans Case 1 Student Information Name: John Grade: 7 Age: 12 School: Brookville Junior High School Relevant Background Information John lives with his father, stepmother and younger sister. Parents have demonstrated willingness to work with John at home, reading assignments to him and scribing written answers for him.

Tags:plan, program, individual

From the Paper
"Science can be broadly defined as the development of knowledge about the physical world. The history of science is the explanation of the development of this knowledge. Science is often viewed as cumulative and progressive by its nature. Such views, however, can have profound implications because not all scientists or theorists follow the cumulative view. Scientists use both deductive and inductive reasoning to hypothesize the possibility of a useful theory. They also seem to be able to decide or discover more easily which theories are false rather than which theories are true. While the proving or disproving of scientific theory plays a vital part in the growth of science and scientific inquiry, the way that the actual progress or creation and discovery of new ideas and paradigms of thought is at the center of scientific research. Does science move forward in a cumulative and progressive manner or does it move forward in leaps and bounds? "

Tags:kuhn, paradigm, shift, scientific, revolution, theory, statistics, inductive, reasoning

Abstract
The paper discusses the need for predictors of a successful licensure in the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). The paper discusses indicators such as cumulative GPA, course grades, SAT and entrance examination scores as well as proprietary standardized tests such as the NLN Achievement Test and Mosby Assess Test. The paper also looks at the HESI Exit Examination that has a high positive predictive value.

Outline:
Brief History of NCLEX-RN
Literature Review
In-Depth: HESI Exit Examination
Recommendation

From the Paper
"The NCLEX-RN originated from a combination of novel applications of statistical models, the need for a more precise indicator of nursing graduates' professional entrance competencies in terms of theory, clinical knowledge and skills and a need for a quality index of nursing education. In 1982, The National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) became the new name for the State Board Test Pool Examination (SBTPE) (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. [NCSBN], 2005). The major changes included shifting the test reference from one that was norm-base to that of a criterion-based test and using Rasch's one parameter logistic model (NCSBN, 2005). This test model is more suited to examinations that wish to measure a number of competencies which the test candidate must possess rather than merely measure the ability of candidates to answer questions correctly in order to attain a passing score."

Tags:competencies, cumulative, GPA, course, grades, SAT, NLN, Mosby, HESI, Exit, Examination

Abstract
This paper explains that Southwest's 4th quarter in 1994 was the cumulative effect of several factors: conversion of the recently acquired Morris Air Corporation to Southwest operations, competitors' persistent use of fare sales that Southwest was forced to match, and the airline-within-an-airline initiative by Continental and United. The paper examines each alternative by presenting advantages and disadvantages of each factor and determining the best alternative. The author recommends that, to meet the line competition, the recommended alternative is to concentrate on retaining and building share in existing markets before venturing into United's strong hub of San Francisco. Tables.

Table of Content
Problem I
Analysis
Alternatives
Recommended Alternative
Problem II
Analysis
Alternatives
Recommended Alternative

From the Paper
"While it is true that Southwest does not offer any service in five of the city pairs served by United, it must be noted that in an effort to maintain its stronghold in California. Southwest had already employed additional aircraft to the California market to boost flight frequencies on competitive routes and by mid-Jan 1995, Southwest had deployed 16% of its total capacity (in terms of ASMs flown) to the intra-California market and 13% of Southwest's total ASM capacity overlapped with "Shuttle by United" by late Jan. 1995. Any further redeployment of existing aircraft would mean reduced frequency or closing down of other routes, involving loss of market share and revenue from other markets and thereby further weakening Southwest's market and financial position. Therefore, the question really is, as to whether any alternative existed for Southwest, which could enable it to compete with Shuttle on the five routes where it was not present, without affecting its other operations. In assessing these lacunae in Southwest's route network, it must be noted that all five routes are out of San Francisco, a major hub of United."

Tags:united, passenger, stock, flight, crew

Abstract
This paper examines how during 2003, Toronto's tourism and hospitality industry was significantly hampered by four major crises: An outbreak of SARS, West Nile Virus, Mad Cow disease and an electrical blackout. It discusses how although every individual within the Greater Toronto area (GTA) was affected in some manner, the tourism industry was the most radically influenced and how the cumulative onslaught of the aforementioned events drastically reduced the number of visitors to the once thriving metropolis and threatened the livelihood of the city. It details the issues encountered by Toronto's tourism industry during 2003 and the recovery methods that were instituted in order to endorse the city as an attractive tourism destination.

From the Paper
"In order to regain the trust of travelers, positive advertising campaigns were initiated through mass mediums to the general public to highlight the positive elements that Toronto had to offer. The majority of the campaigns launched throughout the city were aimed at promoting Toronto through two key marketing concepts. These included (1) product bundling - offering a complete package to consumers at a reduced rate, and (2) reduced pricing - discounts placed upon specific offerings of the tourism sector. These concepts were based upon a loss-leader marketing strategy, whereby a very low price is charged for a product or service to entice customers into subsequently purchasing higher cost items. Mirvish Productions initiated one of the first examples of product bundling."

Tags:blackout, mad, cow, sars, west, nile, virus

Abstract
Discusses the arts since 1945. Wide-ranging styles of artists. Innovative and creative breakthroughs. Emergence of concept of social relativity and a pluralistic society. How the Postmodern world and plurality have redefined the role of the artist. Pluralism of art styles reflecting society. The New Realism as a cumulative creative synthesis. The pluralistic way contemporary artists engage in with their audience.

From the Paper
"The picture of the arts since 1945 is extremely complex with trends toward fragmentation on one the side and multimedia unifications on the other. Radical changes have come about in science, technology, politics, economics, and the arts. Social relativity and the pluralistic society are replacing absolute values and uniformity; and artists are working in styles that vary from wide-ranging freedom to strict formalism, from imaginative abstraction to stark realism, from detached objectivity to passionate expressionistic involvement.
All this has shown that no one approach, solution, attitude, technique, or..."

Abstract
"Masters' and Johnson's Human Sexual Inadequacy is a cumulative descriptive account of the operation of the clinic for the treatment of human sexual dysfunction at the Washington University School of Medicine since 1959 and its continuation at the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation after 1964

From the Paper
"Masters' and Johnson's Human Sexual Inadequacy is a cumulative descriptive account of the operation of the clinic for the treatment of human sexual dysfunction at the Washington University School of Medicine since 1959 and its continuation at the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation after 1964. The authors report in detail on the development of their therapeutic format and then discuss the evolution of therapeutic approaches to a dozen of the major types of sexual dysfunction presented by patients. Both parts of the book are written in a direct, clinical--but forcefully clear--manner that is free of therapeutic jargon. This makes the volume as much an invaluable handbook as an introductory text. It is also, however, an important historical document since it is a record of the emergence of the original, and the most influential, model for ..."

Abstract
The author of this paper discusses the cumulative effective of poor health on the patients of overworked and overstressed nurses. It illustrates how mandatory overtime is disadvantageous for all in the end and ties this in with the whole insurance debate. The paper takes an individual case to asses and illustrate the points raised in the paper.

From the Paper
"In the particular case of the Maryland nurses, we can see how the interests of health care professionals and patients can in many ways be seen to be in opposition to the interests of insurance companies. While the bill was supported by the Maryland State Board of Nursing and the Maryland Nurses Association as well as by a number of patients rights and consumer groups, it was opposed by hospitals and insurance companies and HMOS."

Tags:health, care, hospitals, sick, Maryland, General, Assembly, Fair, Labor, Standards, Act, Wages, and, Hours, Act