Abstract
The paper describes how Cummins production operates in North America by supplying its products in three different market segments - engines for commercial vehicles, power generation for electric power supply, and OEMs in industrial segment. However, the paper discusses how recognizing that the company is relying too heavily on the North America truck market has made Cummins consider exploring the market potential overseas.

From the Paper
"Cummins is the largest Diesel engine producer in North America. Cummins production operates in North America by supplying its products in three different market segments - engines for commercial vehicles, power generation for electric power supply, and OEMs in industrial segment. However, recognizing that the company is relying too heavily on the North America truck market has made Cummins consider exploring the market potential overseas. Through leasing agreement and acquisition, Cummins has successfully increased its presence in 131 countries and become the global leader in the industry. In 2000, Cummins generated 40% if its total sales..."

Tags:china, market, conflict

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the Cummins/Komatsu/Telco case study. The case involves the management and application of information systems for joint ventures.

From the Paper
"A case deals with issues confronting Cummins Engine Company that involve the application and management of information technology resources and systems in relation to joint venture entities developed by Cummins and Komatsu Ltd of Japan and by Cummins and by Tata Locomotive and Engineering Company (TELCO) of India. The joint venture agreements had been completed in Martin. The findings of this case analysis are presented in relation..."

Tags:Information systems, Joint Venture, management

Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cummings Company. The paper describes the nature of the organization, including the purpose of its existence and how the organization is presently managing technology, in terms of technology change, competition, to gain a competitive advantage.

Abstract
The paper argues that the economic view of supply and demand brings forth Cummins' error in assuming that all countries should adopt foreign language plans that include all nations in the world. The paper asserts that the objective of forcing every student to learn a secondary language may be a good policy development initiative in Canada, but surely, the many world languages this must include is staggering.

Tags:cummins, language, secondary

Abstract
The paper looks at how Cummins provides an article that is insightful as to how bilingual language can be brought forth under circumstances, but asserts that his arguments are often linear and politically charged when convincing opponents on educational policy. The paper posits that it does not make a society "neo-fascist" if they chose to either accept or reject a certain type of bilingual education within a curriculum.

Tags:cummins, language, spanish

Abstract
This paper discusses Jim Cummins' article, "A Theoretical Framework for Bilingual Special Education," in which he argued that racism and discrimination were the main reasons for poor academic results among minority students during the latter part of the 20th century. The paper discusses racism in the classroom and Cummins' proposed intervention model to combat the issues.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Racism and Discrimination within the Classroom
Cummins' Proposed Intervention Model
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The dramatic increase of minority students attending educational establishments in the United Kingdom, and the many issues and challenges that this has raised, continues to be widely debated throughout Britain's political and educational arenas. Enabled through the Government's decision to allow new member states within the European Union to have free access to the United Kingdom's labour market, there has been a tremendous influx of Eastern European workers over the past three years."

Tags:immigrants, racism, discrimination

Abstract
This paper explores the theories of educational theorist Jim Cummins, who has proposed a two-pronged model for linguistic assimilation. The paper explains that academic language acquisition is more than simply understanding vocabulary, but includes skills such as comparing, classifying, synthesizing, evaluating, and inferring. The paper asserts that ESL instruction must be individuated, and every student requires a unique balance between BICS and CALS instruction. The paper concludes by giving the example that a Japanese student with a strong academic background may need to learn to relax when speaking English and experiment with colloquialisms (BICS), while a fluent child of Hispanic immigrants may need academic vocabulary support and a stronger basis in grammar on a CALS level.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most valuable insight of the BICS/CALS model is that it highlights how "problems arise when teachers and administrators think that a child is proficient in a language when they demonstrate good social English" (Hayes 2004, cited by Hernandez). For example, the child of Cambodian immigrants might have great experience in interpreting for their parents, and know how to speak English at a high level to order in a restaurant or to talk to customers at their parent's store, but they may have had little education in conventional academic subjects. In contrast, some ESL students have "strong academic backgrounds before they came to the U.S." and are even above equivalent grade levels in the school's curricula, in math and science" (Echevarria & Short 3). They are comfortable with abstract thinking, even if their English may be weak on a spoken level--perhaps even weaker than students whose grammar and academic education needs far more substantial support."

Tags:bilingual, education, magnet

Abstract
This paper studies how Canada currently teaches English to non-native English speakers. The paper criticizes the system for focusing too much on exams such as the TOEFL, while failing to truly teach students how to function in an English-speaking environment. Then the paper presents a research-based review of new teaching models, including the Cummins model.

From the Paper
"There are various subjective factors that can influence the acquisition of a second language, such as age, the environment, and the learners' self-esteem. Also, objective factors like the teaching model and assessment approach adopted by different teachers can influence the persons' English skills. The huge ESL group includes students who are taking the courses for higher education; adult professionals who want to master fluent English in order to find jobs in their chosen field; and some others with various interests. Therefore, ESL curriculum should be designed separately to meet the needs of different groups so that they are able to learn more effectively. However, as far as I am concerned, the existing ESL teaching models are not clearly classified despite the constantly developments. The so-called ESL problems are still the obstacles resulting low grades in students' academic studies or downward shift in adults' positions."

Tags:TOEFL, Cummins, immigrants, EAL, ESL, education, adults, children, IELTS

Abstract
The paper discusses how Ontario is committed to raising the numbers of fully bilingual adults in the next generation via core French programs, bilingual classrooms and immersion settings. The paper explains the debate on the suitability of French for special education students, arguing in favour of French, bilingual and immersion settings benefiting diverse special ed students. The paper supports J. Cummins' model of second language study and assessment and refers to Baker and Bialystok on the benefits of two languages.

From the Paper
"Canada's two official languages and growing demand for bilingual or French immersion education beyond Francophone areas challenges Special Education teachers, as they must explore different teaching methods and novel approaches to second language studies. Other Special Education teachers face students from new Canadian backgrounds who must acquire French quickly in areas where French is the usual language and medium of instruction. Others speak French in the home but in dialects that demand instruction towards French as it is spoken in Canada."

Tags:bilingualism, special ed, french sl

Abstract
In this article, the writer first enumerates the most essential linguistic human rights (LHR) that the Spanish-speaking community in the US should have. The writer then discusses this issue with relation to internal usage at the workplace. The latter half of the paper puts the spotlight on bilingual education in the US schooling system as a contested LHR arena, particularly in Latino dominated territories. In this regard, the writer refers to Cummin's common underlying proficiency hypothesis as a first step in dispelling fallacious notions concerning bilingual education and then briefly mentions several supplemental steps that can bolster and secure the institution of bilingual education.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Need for LHR in Various Societal Domains
Language Rights in the Workplace
The Workplace as an Arena for Language Acquisition
Linguistic Human Rights and Bilingual Education
Language Acquisition in Theory: Cummin's CUP Hypothesis
A Multi-Tiered Approach in Empowering Bilingual Education
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In addition to the aforementioned, Del Valle contends that theorists and professionals in the field of bilingualism, in many cases, are not united in the fight for bilingual education. The California Proposition 227 had its genesis in certain Latino families who denounced bilingual education and withheld their children from going to school. This was, of course, seized upon by the media and blown out of proportion. Thus, efforts must be made to educate parents and foster stronger ties between language minority parents and experts in agitating for language rights. Another step in ameliorating the tension is the role of the bilingual educators themselves. Del Valle rightly points out that they hold the key to the success of bilingual education."

Tags:Spanish, minority, language, assimilation, bilingual