Abstract
This paper discusses articles by Roger M. Keesing and Anne Ryen and David Silverman on what culture is, and how we study it, and see what is different in one culture, as opposed to a different culture, or in a small aspect of culture. The paper explains that Keesing seems to be more inclined to see culture in dynamic ways, as always changing or developing, or that has to do with thinking processes, where Ryen and Silverman discuss culture in more material terms that can affect how people of different cultures understand each other. The paper also discusses how Keesing looks at cultures as structural systems so that the scholar will look at how a culture or a structure began and how it continues to influence human life. The writer believes that Ryen and Silverman seem more tied up in how an outsider looks at a culture, the dynamics of importance of what go on between human beings, as individuals, as opposed to the cultural system that Keesing tried to understand. The writer concludes that both articles manage to get across the care that must be taken when researching cultures that are not one's own, but the writer feels that Keesing's work is still not out-dated.

Outline:
Introduction
Theories of Culture
The Human Factor
Last Remarks

From the Paper
"A culture may adapt because new technology or kinds of organization have come along, or it may change so that a people survive, as in cultures that begin to conserve something so that they can survive in their environment. A desert people, for instance, may show a culture that is protective of water, does not waste water, or whose art shows themes of happiness as the coming of the rain, or safely getting to a place where water is available. Keesing then begins to look at ideational theories of culture that have to do with cognitive systems and how people decide what is special, appealing or what must be done, as all can influence culture. (1974:77f)."

Tags:boundries, structural, systems, anthropology, ethnic, pride, socio-cultural

Abstract
This paper analyzes Southwest Airlines' unique culture and structure to determine to what degree they contribute to its exceptional success.
Next, the writer concludes that a key component to the airline's success is its use of mechanistic elements that are required by the company's large size. In addition, the author notes that there also are some organic structural elements, which are preferred due to the airlines' service to employees and customer service objectives. The paper underscores that the freedom given to Southwest employees and the company's laidback approach create an attitude of loyalty to its employees, which is a big part of its strong culture that results in a competitive advantage.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to Southwest Airlines & Elements of Organizational Structure
Organizational Design & Organizational Form
Basic Underlying Assumptions. Espoused Values, Observable Artifacts & 6 Dimensions of Organizational Culture
Culture Strength

From the Paper
"Having a large union presence at Southwest would make work specialization seem to be highly specialized but in fact, it is the opposite. Work specialization, which is the way tasks are divided into separate jobs, is one of the key elements of defining a company's structure. Southwest's competitive advantage of the "Ten minute turn" requires that employees be highly versatile at all tasks in order to maintain a high turn rate, every employee including pilots take part in helping the plane reach turn around in under 25 minutes. The reason for a high union presence at Southwest was to enforce Herb Kelleher's mentality of putting employees first."

Tags:logos, environment, size, strategy, artifacts

Abstract
In this article, the writer recommends a team structure within an organization, where employees are promoted to the position of team leader. The many benefits of the team structure are described in this paper. In describing the benefits, the writer demonstrates that the proposed structure provides for the needs of the organization. The writer describes that the structure allows for the new employees to be integrated effectively, for contract deadlines to be met, and for training to occur in an effective way where new employees can immediately contribute effectively to projects. It also provides for other needs, including providing for future human resource needs, allowing flexibility, increasing employee motivation, and providing a positive work culture. The writer concludes that this structure is effective in providing for current needs and for future needs.

Table of Contents:
Suitability of the Organization Structure
Meeting Training Needs
Planning for Future Needs
Providing for Flexibility Needs
Organizational Structure and Motivation
Promoting a Positive Work Culture
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the critical factors in determining an appropriate organizational structure is based on the way the organization is suddenly expanding to double its current size. This creates control issues that would not be present if the expansion was gradual. Most importantly, the new employees need to be integrated effectively in a way that allows the organization to continue to operate efficiently. In addition, it is not feasible for one manager to control the integration of so many new employees. This leads to the conclusion that a second level must be added to the hierarchy. All the designers can no longer report directly to the general manager. Instead, the general manager needs to take a more strategic position and allow other staff members to control and manage processes on a daily process. The first question to be answered is how this level of hierarchy would be best implemented.
One option for the company would be to hire someone to take on the position of general manager, with the current general manager taking on a higher level CEO position. This could also be achieved by promoting someone from within to general manager."

Tags:organizational, expansion, operation, employees

Abstract
This paper examines how due to changes in the corporate sector in America, CEOs need to adopt and implement new and better organizational tools to not only make their operations smooth and successful but also manage the overall structure and behavior properly. Organizational structure refers to the way management is organized in a firm and the way responsibilities and duties are assigned to various levels of employees. It evaluates how we need to understand that organizational culture, structure and behavior are inter-related terms where each depend on the other and how it is extremely important to understand that firms differ from each other on the basis of their culture and structure. It shows how change should be more in the form of new strategies and better policies and how if the leadership manages to introduce some new plans and policies, which are accepted by the staff, there would be an air of hope and people would be willing to work harder.

From the Paper
"In short when the organizations are unable to perform well on a consistent basis, the reasons go deeper than the conditions of the market apparent on the surface. Thus it is extremely important for the company to find out where it is going wrong and how improvement measures can be introduced. The things can usually be improved only after the company has made an honest assessment of its problems. Once the problems have been identified and their gravity accurately assessed, the company can focus its attention on introducing appropriate changes."

Tags:staff, change, policy

Abstract
This four-page undergraduate paper discusses the importance of mythology and folklores in the religion, social and cultural structure of the African continent. The African society is based on a tribal system, which is considered to be of immense importance, and these tribes follow the customs and traditions of their ancestors without questioning their validity.

Tags:impact, african, culture

Abstract
Thispaper examines and analyzes American and Islamic culture. Social structures, symbols, norms, values, and rituals are compared and contrasted, and respective strengths and weaknesses are discussed.

Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the social theories of Anthony Giddens, Jurgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu. The writer explains that according to Giddens, Habermas, and Bourdieu, the agency serves a very specific purpose for the individual within society. Giddens in 1984 in his "Constitution of Society," proposed the social theory of structuration, using structural perspectives such as agency/structure and subjective/objective. The writer explores how Bourdieu and Habermas add to Giddens' theory and perspectives and how each theorist diverges in their approach to the humanistic side of the structuration. Giddens identifies the structuration process overall as an organic and autonomous process arising from the conventional forces in society, Habermas distinguishes three categories of the influence of human cognition on the structuration process in society, and Bourdieu, the most philosophical of the three, identifies the means by which the subjectivity of man gives rise to an ordering that results in a society's bureaucratic and hierarchical formation.

From the Paper
"Giddens agrees with Habermas as far as the individualized approach to social structure, demonstrating the means by which certain bureaucratic qualities are imparted and specifically designed to address the forward progress, evolution, and social development that is being inculcated with the development of society. While Giddens acknowledges the social structure as specifically maintaining overarching social tendencies within the social bureaucracy, he sees structuration as a combination between the development of ideals of the human intellectual instinct as well as the social forces within the environment."

Tags:construction, hierarchy, on-agent, culture, communication, perception, truth, empirical

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a detailed explanation of the concepts of climate and culture within a professional organization. The writer notes that doing so will help familiarize the reader with how these separate processes both impact the status of the organization. This paper also demonstrates how an effective leader can change these processes and therefore help improve the quality of the work environment for his or her employees.

Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of Climate and Culture
Climate
culture
Development of Climate and Culture
Changing the Climate and Culture
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The climate of an organization is manifest by its workers. As such, climate research predates culture research as there has traditionally been a strong psychological component of attempting to assess job performance through exploring the perceptions, attitudes, preferences, and motivational drive of employees. Ashanskay et al. find that the early research on climate was done with a focus on Gestalt psychology, suggesting that the study of a climate in an organization was similar to the study of field theory on any population set."

Tags:structure, leader, organizational, environment

Abstract
In examining, defining, and analyzing Black American culture, it is evident that it has developed since the 18th century in accordance with a variety of factors such as African cultural and social traditions, and has been impacted by social influences in the United States, by cultural differences between races, and by societal reactions. In order to address these issues, the history of Black American Culture, family relationships and class structure, common beliefs and values, and religion and spirituality will be examined, analyzed, and discussed.

From the Paper
An Analysis of Black American Culture Introduction In examining, defining, and analyzing Black American culture, it is evident that it has developed since the 18^th century in accordance with a variety of factors such as African cultural and social traditions, and has been impacted by social influences in the United States, by cultural differences between races, and by societal reactions. In order to fully address these issues, the history of Black American Culture, family

Tags:black, american, culture

Abstract
This paper presents a learning journal which is a record of the writer's thoughts regarding the different concepts to which he was exposed during his course work. It specifically focuses on the ways in which organizational culture impacts organizational behavior and the role that organizational culture plays in the strategic management process.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Emergence of Culture as an area of Strategic Importance
Culture and Change
The Value of the Study of Organizational Behavior
Organizational Behavior Theories
Environment Theories
Congruence
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is a part of me that worries I will not be able to use this knowledge in the field. As a student, my approach is entirely rational. This may be difficult to maintain. Moreover, I am not sure where my learning should stop. I do not feel that my learning should stop simply because my learning journal has been written. I am wary of becoming lost in the inevitable esoteric tangents of academia. Yet, I value the knowledge I have gained thus far. I will be able to use it to help me in my career. I am grateful for that, but I have concerns about balance. It may be that it is time to put the learning on pause and get some practice in applying my knowledge to the everyday world."

Tags:behavior, structure, profits