Abstract
This literature review begins with Leininger who as the founder of trans-cultural nursing provides an overview and brief history of the theory. The articles provide varying perspectives on trans-cultural nursing care from the contexts of potential child abuse and neglect, end of life care, use of the theory in health care administration in the Third World, and the need for this theory to be ethically and professionally protected. The paper discusses Mitchell and Gale who provide very insightful criticisms of the theory.

From the Paper
"Literature Review: Trans-cultural Nursing Care This literature review begins with Leininger (2001) who, as the founder of trans-cultural nursing, provides an overview and brief history of the theory. The articles provide varying perspectives on trans-cultural nursing care from the contexts of potential child abuse and neglect, end-of-life care, use of the theory in health care administration, in the Third World, and the need for this theory to be ethically and professionally protected. Mitchell and Gale (2002) provide very insightful criticisms of the theory. Their criticisms lead to a valuable thesis that trans-cultural nursing care cannot stand alone, and some other structure is needed for social justice."

Tags:literature, review, nursing

Abstract
The paper relates that traditional nursing in the United States has been accused of being ethnocentric and unable to accommodate cultures other than white Caucasian. The paper examines the cultural issues related to the Appalachian region of the United States and issues that may affect nursing care. The paper explains that the needs of the Appalachian community are different than those in other parts of the country. The paper discusses how the question of spirituality causes a conflict between the needs of the patient and standard ethical practices of the health care system. The paper demonstrates how nurses can play a major role in bridging this gap and developing practices within the Appalachian region that specifically address the need to integrate some type of spirituality into the daily care routine.

Outline:
Understanding Cultural Differences
Bringing Trans-cultural Competence to the Nursing Floor
Health Behaviors and Appalachia
Putting it Into Practice

From the Paper
"The Appalachian region represents a unique culture within the larger culture of the United States. The most obvious difference that one notices when they encounter someone from that region is their accent. However, if one questions them they may tell you that you are the one with the accent. The Appalachian region is a part of a proud Southern tradition that goes back to the founding days of the United States. Many people passed through the region on their way to the western frontier. Some decided to stay and set roots. These settlers blended into the patchwork quilt that became a symbol of the region."

Tags:culture, spirituality, care, behavior

Abstract
In this article, the writer performs an in-depth literature review and analysis of the current nursing shortage through social and cultural perspective. The writer explores how factors contributing to the shortage are understood by others and then attempts to analyze the following topics: the prevailing attitudes in society regarding the social and cultural factors of the nursing shortage, how the dominant culture influences the values and priorities regarding the social and cultural aspects of the nursing shortage and whether this influence provides the dominant culture with privileges over other members of society. In addition, the writer discusses personal beliefs and assumptions about the issue and identifies barriers to the solution and the strategies for possible resolution.

Outline:
Background of Social and Cultural Factors
History
Today's Reality
Looking Ahead
Prevailing Attitudes in society
Society's View of Nursing
Influences of the Dominant Culture
Nursing Culture
Barriers to Resolution
Resolution to Social and Cultural Issue
Personal Beliefs and Assumptions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are many social and cultural strategies that can be utilized to help resolve the current nursing shortage in Canada. This nursing shortage is unique because of the unprecedented low supply of nurses and the high demand for their services. The usual solutions such as hiring bonuses and education reimbursement may help in the short run, but they won't solve the underlying issues. Addressing the core retention issues will be the most effective methodology. Currently, the nursing culture is such that new graduates can have a traumatic experience when they leave school to begin their nursing careers."

Tags:health, care, medical, nurses

Abstract
In this article the writer notes that in order to provide effective nursing care, nurses must have knowledge of the client's worldview which is influenced by their cultural beliefs, values and life ways. The writer points out that in Chinese culture, the approach of patients to health and illness centers on the concept of balance, and is holistic and traditional. The writer maintains that health is understood as a state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature and illness caused by some upset in body energy. The case study demonstrates the differences that often become apparent between cultural beliefs and practices versus the perspective of nursing. This paper focuses on the cultural factor of religious and philosophical factors. The writer concludes that religious and philosophical factors greatly influence what Chinese people do and what choices they make.

From the Paper
"In contrast to Chinese religious and philosophical beliefs regarding health and disease, nurses in Western culture are trained in a much different way regarding nutrition. Nurses also are instructed to push fluids. For nurses, the focus on nutrition involves its role in healing in relation to the need for protein and fiber as well as electrolyte balance. The normal course of nursing actions is that when the problem is hypertension, then the amount of sodium is restricted. Whatever foods might be contributing to the health are either very limited or are eliminated from the diet. In the case study, nurses are following the usual procedure in promoting fluids for the patient in order to enable Mr. W. to recover from his bladder surgery. To achieve the health outcome, it is very common for nurses to provide patients with cold tap water. The issue is that both Chinese cultural practice and professional nursing practice both are concerned with the same outcome."

Tags:practices, traditions, beliefs, values

Abstract
In this article the writer notes that H. Calalang-Javier states that there are four core principles that can be identified in nursing theories. The writer points out that these core principles are the person, the environment, health and nursing. The writer the discusses that in the self-care, trans cultural and adaptation models the theories each have a central focus on the patient. The writer maintains that while this focus differs in relation to the patient in each theory, the impact that health care has on the patient is significant to the model.

Outline:
Introduction
Orem's Self Care Model
The Roy Adaptation Model
Trans cultural Nursing Model
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The research indicates that the Transcultural, Self-Care and Adaptation Models each have their own specific elements that create unique approaches to nursing. However, within each of these theories there is a core concept that is associated with the person or the patient. In the Self-Care model the individual is trained to assist in his or her own care, while in the Adaptation Model the person adapts to the environment. In the Transcultural model the person is treated in relation to his or her own cultural beliefs, ensuring that the health care environment is aware of the needs of the patient."

Outline:
Introduction
Orem's Self Care Model
The Roy Adaptation Model
Transcultural Nursing Model
Conclusion

Tags:patient, professional, health, care

Abstract
The paper discusses how while cultural diversity in the general population is on the rise, Registered Nurses are still predominantly Caucasian. The paper explores how the growing discrepancy between cultures creates a significant gap in providing quality health care to patients. The paper examines the case of an Eastern Indian female and the Indian culture as it reviews the need for cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity on the part of nursing.

From the Paper
"Cultural diversity is a growing concern as it pertains to nursing and providing "effective patient care" (Newman, 1998). While the composition of most countries is growing in its diversity based on the global marketplace, Coffman (2004) tells us that nursing has remained a predominantly Caucasian profession, by a 90 percent majority over other ethnic groups. Nugent, Childs, Jones, Cook and Ravenell (2002) tell us that he under representation of minority nurses adds to the growing..."

Tags:culture, nursing, sensitivity

Abstract
The paper compares two nursing theorists, Florence Nightingale and Madeline Leininger, both of whom developed a theory that marked significant changes in culture, medicine and nursing. The paper explains how Nightingale's theory marks the beginning of legitimate professional nursing theory while Leininger's theory demonstrates the most current and timely theories of nursing as the environment and culture demand. The paper points out many similarities between the two nursing theories. This paper contains a figure.

From the Paper
"While Nightingale demanded that nursing become a trained profession and that the environment of nursing facilities, including hospitals and homes be improved to promote health and healing (Wakefield, 2001, p. 1) Leininger demands that the psyche be supported through culturally competent care. (Lego, 1999, p. 4) The theme that runs true between the two theorists is the demand for patient care that is responsive to the individual and each demanded that access to care should be universal, despite in Nightingale's theory location (as an advocate for rural health care infrastructure) (McDonald, 2001, p. 82) and in Leininger's case despite cultural barriers. (White, 2003, p. 326)"

Tags:culture, medicine, environment, care, health

Abstract
This paper considers the importance of a nurse understanding different cultures and developing the skills to understand the emic (insider) and the etic (outsider) perspectives of a culture. The paper poitns to Evidence-Based Medicine, which requires treatment of the whole patient, feeling and identifying with people's experiences and history to help nurses to provide the care needed in specific culture sets. The paper concludes by stating that in order to treat a culture the value system and the logic of that culture's behaviors must be understood in order for health care providers to gain insight as to what the real need is in relation to patient health and well-being.

From the Paper
"In order to work in a different culture a nurse needs the appropriate skill set to understand the emic (insider) and the etic (outsider) perspectives of a culture. Since Evidence-Based Medicine requires treatment of the whole patient feeling and identifying with people's experiences and history help nurses to provide the care needed in specific culture sets. In order to treat a culture the value system and the logic of that culture's behaviors must be understood in order for health care providers to gain insight as to what the real need is in relation to patient health and well-being (Andrews and Boyle, 2008)...."

Tags:jamaican, transcultural, nursing

Abstract
The paper discusses how global society has taught practitioners and nursing professionals that diversity within the population must be addressed and the only manner of accomplishing this is through a focus on cultural competence. The paper argues that in the 21st century, it is imperative that nurses be culturally competent, because within each culture there are differing views of appropriate medical treatment, religious beliefs that impact care and cultural philosophies.

From the Paper
"The practice of health care was once focused specifically on medicine and healing. Nursing consisted of caring, as well as the scientific measures needed to accomplish providing care. However, as time has elapsed the global society has taught practitioners and nursing professionals that diversity within the population must be addressed and the only manner of accomplishing this is through a focus on cultural competence. In the 21st century it is imperative that nurses be culturally competent because within each culture there are differing views of appropriate medical treatment, religious beliefs that impact care and cultural philosophies."

Tags:nursing, culture, competence

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that taking into consideration the knowledge that by 2020, the United States general population will be comprised of 47% of pan-ethnic minority groups, a new emphasis on culturally competent care has developed within the American healthcare system. This paper presents the definition of culture, culturally competent care and patient population demographics of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). A discussion on the Hispanic cultural vulnerability along and standards of cultural competence as identified by the Office of Minority Health (OMH) is also offered. In addition, the writer presents an evaluation of the VHA's performance to meet these standards with nursing implication and potential solutions for areas where standards are not met.

Outline:
Culturally Competent Care
Culture
Population Demographics
Cultural Vulnerability
Standard One
Standard Two
Standard Three
Standard Four
Standard Five
Standard Six
Standard Seven
Standard Eight
Standard Nine
Standard Ten
Standard Eleven
Standard Twelve
Standard Thirteen
Standard Fourteen
Conclusion

From the Paper
" A possible solution is to adjust employment practices of the VHA. Currently the VHA uses a numerical evaluation program that assigns figures to experiences, education and more to generate a numeral indicator that represents an individual employability. This program removes interviewer biases and prevents discrimination of any form from occurring. This system currently gives 5 extra points to veterans to encourage the hiring of veterans so the patient population matches the workforce. The VHA could offer an extra 5 points for male nursing staff during this process to produce a workforce more representative of the patient population"

Tags:patient, culture, customs, population